Know More About Consonant Sounds and Letters in English

A consonant is a  speech sound thats not a vowel. The  sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the airstream by a constriction of the speech  organs. In writing, a consonant is any  letter of the alphabet except  A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes  Y. There are 24 consonant sounds in English, some voiced (made by a vibration of the vocal cords) and some voiceless (no vibration). Consonants Versus Vowels   When spoken vowels have no obstruction in the mouth, as opposed to consonants, which do. In his book Letter Perfect, the author David Sacks described the difference between speaking consonants and vowels this way: Whereas vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords with  minimal  shaping of expelled breath, consonant sounds are created through obstruction or  channeling  of the breath by the lips, teeth, tongue, throat, or nasal passage.... Some consonants, like B, involve the vocal cords; others dont. Some, like R or W, flow the breath in a way that steers them relatively close to being vowels. When consonants and vowels are put together, they form syllables, which are the basic units of pronunciation. Syllables, in turn, are the foundation of words in English grammar. Phonetically, however, consonants are much more variable. Consonant Blends and Digraphs When two or more consonant sounds are pronounced in succession without an intervening vowel (as in the words dream and bursts), the group is called a consonant blend or consonant cluster. In a consonant blend, the sound of each individual letter can be heard. By contrast, in a consonant digraph,  two successive letters represent a single sound. Common digraphs include G and H, which together mimic the sound of F (as in the word enough), and the letters P and H, which also sound like an F (as in phone). Silent Consonants In a number of cases in English, consonant letters can be silent, such as the letter B  following M (as in the word dumb), the letter  K  before  N  (know), and  the letters B and P before T (debt and receipt).  When a double consonant appears in a word,  usually only one of the two consonants is sounded (as in ball or summer). Stop Consonants Consonants can also serve as a means of bracketing a vowel, stopping their sound.  These are called  stop consonants  because the air in the vocal tract is completely stopped at some point, usually by the tongue, lips, or teeth.  Then to make the consonant sound, the air is suddenly released. The letters B, D, and G are the most frequently used stops, though P, T, and K also can serve the same function. Words that contain stop consonants include bib and kit. Stop consonants are also called plosives, as their sounds are small explosions of air in the mouth. Consonance Broadly,  consonance  is the repetition of consonant  sounds; more specifically,  consonance  is the repetition of the consonant sounds of accented syllables  or important words.  Consonance is frequently used in poetry, song lyrics, and prose when the writer wants to create a sense of rhythm. One well-known example of this literary device is the tongue twister, She sells seashells by the seashore. Using A and An   In general, words that begin with vowels should be introduced by the indefinite article an, while words that start with consonants are set off with an a instead. However, when the consonants at the beginning of the word produce a vowel sound, you would use the article an instead (an honor, a house).

Ethnic Differences Between Ethnic Cultures - 1667 Words

Jonah Grier International Business April 14, 2016 Demographically Split – Geographically Single: General Israeli Culture Introduction: Dominated by Zionistic beliefs, Israel is slowly opening to new culture changes. Though divided in religion, Israel is ready to take risks to advance peace. Old Israeli culture requires upholding standard traditionalistic values. Traditional values within the Israeli culture tend to enforce solidarity. Globalized customs have brought forward new ideals to their system. Due to the recent societal shifts within Israel, we can analyze Israel’s culture using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, and in particular the concept of foreign direct investment. Power Distance: Located on the eastern outskirts of the†¦show more content†¦For the most part, positions within a business are equal. All positions have a voice and are allowed to contribute as much as they desire. In high power distance countries, lower level employees have very little interaction with upper management administration. In the eyes of Israeli business owners, keeping the workplace equal allows for diversity and stronger business decisions. Israel maintains a low power distance by keeping jobs within the workplace equal. They also do not restrict executives from collaborating with lower management. This collaboration shows that Israel has a decentralized chain of command and that everyone is a part of the structure in a business. Individuality vs. Collectivism: In terms of individualism vs. collectivism Israel has components of both but leans slightly towards individualism. Individualism vs. Collectivism expresses the degree to which people value autonomy or group work. Multi-cultural groups such as Palestinian-Arabs, and Jewish-Israeli’s make up a majority of the population. Jewish-Israeli traditions focus more on individualism, while Palestinian-Arab ethics display a more collectivist approach. A study done by the University of the Negev, interviewed 1,190 Palestinian and 1,144 Israeli high school students. The study examined whether the student liked group work, or individual work. Results showed that both groups had collectivist ideals, however, Palestinian students had a higher score towards groupShow MoreRelatedEssay on Conflict and Communication 1267 Words   |  6 Pagesonly negative site (Kelman, 2002). In term of cultural and ethnic differences in conflict, there are important factors which deal with conflict. According to cultural and ethnic difference in conflict, we separate people in two groups; there are Individualistic culture and Collective culture (Ting-Toomey, 1985). In this case, the member of individualistic culture will separate issue of conflict but the member of collectivistic culture is in contrast (Ting-Toomey, 1985). 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Information Systems Applications - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5898 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Information Management and Systems It is defined as the discipline that covers several applications including people,procedures and technologies.these a ppliocations aree collectively reffered to as information systems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Information Systems Applications" essay for you Create order Information Systems Management(ISM) are distinct from the normal information systems in the sense that they are capable of analyzing other information sytems that are apllied in operational activities of an organization.It is a planned system of perfoming collection,storingand dissemination of data in the form of the required information for carrying out necessary management functions. In the academic world the term is used to refer to,a group of information management methods twined to the automation of human decision making.Such systems include;Expert Systems,excecutive information Systems and Decicion Support Systems. ISM includes the application of Information Technology in support of major functions and activities in an organization or institution.ISM supports processes of:Storage,collection,manipulation,utilization and distribution of information resources of an organization.Manual processes are also included in an information system.This term is used as a synonym for information that are computer-based. Information systems will often deal with dockets such as use,development and management of an organizations information technology infrastructure. It includes systems that are not intended for decision making Currently the focus of companies has shifted from product oriented to information oriented.this means that there is more competition in process and innovation,by market operators, rather than product.There is much emphasis on the production process and services that accompanies the process of production. One of the most valued asset of a company is its information.This calls for a very strong information infrastructure.Therefore the study of information systems is keen on why and how technology can be put into excellent use in service to information flow within an organization. A great majority of information systems are developed for people.This peole employ the same in various areas including functional areas such as;human resource,marketing,finance,accounting etc.ISM professionals require a strong mixture of both technical and business knowledge for them to develop an information system that meets the needs of an organization. They must understand organizations objectives,its structures,operations and financial implications that are relative to these factors.Good understanding of these factors will give the ISM professionals a good base for effective communication with users before designing systems that will support their needs.It is also a good attribute of an ISM manager or professional to be updated with the evolving information technologies.They should posses a strong foundation of technical skills so as to select appropriate technologies and implementation of computer based information system. OVERVIEW In the current workplace,it is definite that technology works both effectively and reliably.ISM professionals have a key role in implementing technology within organizations. Infomation Systems Managers plan,network,and direct research and facilitate all computer related duties of firms.They are functional in determining both business and technical goals during consultation with the top management.They make detailed plans in accomplishing these goals.They give directions to other computer related workers e.g computer programmers,system analysts etc.They also aid in planning and coordinating activities like installation and upgrading of hardware and software,developing computer networks,implementation of internet and intranet sites and systems designing.They are involved with upkeep,security and mantainance of networks.They have a role in analyzing the computer and information needs of the organizations they work with from a strategic and operational persp[ective.Hence determining the longrange personnel and equipment requirements.Their duties also include assigning and reviewing their surbodinates work.They are also supposed to ensure that their organizat ions do not lag behind competitors. INFORMATION NEEDS End users of a system have different information needs depending on what he/she is trying to find,why she/he is trying to find and when she/he is trying to find the information.An example is the design of a staff directory,where there is an assumption that most users will be able to perfoam known item searching.Thet the user knows exactly what he is looking for,e.g Kerrys phone number.He has necessary terms to articulate the need,e.g he knows Kerrys second name is Brown and thats what he will search under.And finally he knows that that staff directory exists and that its the right place to look. Identification of information needs is important in designing an information system and to the provision of relative information services.For effective identification of information needs one has to identify the different methods for gathering information on various factors influencing those needs.A selection depending on the needs of the user is necessary.A step by step procedure is necessary in identifying information needs of most users.a careful analysis is to be made to distinguish the actual needs from the data gathered. The information needs identifierwill be able to discover, as a bye product, several ideas, tools, methods and techniques of satisfying the users in meeting their needs.At present,insufficient self sufficiency constitutes information needs. These information needs represent vacuums in the current knowledge of the enduser. Besides the expressed or articulated needs, there exists unexpressed needs which the user is aware of but will not like to express. The other category of need is the dormant need which the user is not aware of. But the information services provider might be able to bring to light these needs . A need is specific.It is generally time bound,either immediate or deferred.Information provided for a need will be used.Information provided may also be used or may not be used. Information needs depend on: Area of interest Hierarchical position of individuals work activity need to take a decision Availability of facilities. Need to seek new ideas Motivation factors for information needs Need to establish priority for recovery etc Information needs are also affected by a variety of factors including: The consequences of information Range of information sources available Background,professional,motivational orientation Uses of which information will be used. The social, political, economic, legal and regulatory systems surrounding the user Information needs identification is also somewhat a complex process. Some of the factors rendering it complex include: Original documents needed by researchers Individual preferences and behavioural aspects add a further dimension. Same information is perceived differently by users Information is put to different uses Need is satisfied by having access to the identified information in a particular package and form, and at a suitable time The flow of information and channels of communication are complex and add to the complexity The main steps in the process of identifying information needs is shown below: Studying the subject(s) of interest to the organization and or User(s Studying the organisation and its environs Studying the immediate environment of the User(s) Studying the User(s) Performing a formal interview Identifying and recording of the information needs Analysing and refining the identified information needs. Preparation for identifying information needs A very undefined situation is faced maybe only by the information professionals. They are unable to prescribe the required information to their clientele in the way the other professionals like physicians prescribe.Such prescriptions have a final say and authority, and which are embraced by the clients.Prescription is authoritative mainly because the clients of physicians and other professionals are seeking advice in a field which they themselves are ignorant of. But the clients of information professionals are more often specialists in the areas they seek information and professional advice. The main reason why there are difficulties experienced by the information professionals in distinguishing the wishes or the desires from the actual needs of the users . Therefore the information professional has to prepare himself/ herself in such a way as to create confidence in the users about his/ her professional capabilities. It will also be important if the investigation of information nee ds is to be successful, it is above all good to bear in mind that the person chosen to be the information needs identifier will need to be acceptable at all levels of users and have credibility. most guidelines in the form of a step by step procedure to identify information needs is presented incorporating the steps to be taken by the information system adentifier to equip himself/ herself for this investigative work. Study of subjects An information needs identifier must study the subjects of interest to the organization,users, and identify the central, peripheral and supporting areas.The result of such a study would produce a handbook on the subject to guide further work of identifying the information needs. This handbook is not a technical manual for technical personnel but a handy tool for the information professional. Such a handbook would present a birds eye view of the subject giving the following : Definitions of the subject concerned, collected from different authoritative sources bringing out the similarities and differences; scope of the subject giving definitions and scope of divisions and subdivisions; scope of the subjects that are tool subjects applicable to the subject concerned for its development; and scope of the subject in terms of the areas/subjects where the subject concerned is applied for their development. The different types of classification of the subject concerned including special subject classifications, taxonomic classifications, general document classifications, and vocabulary control tools such as thesaurus. The historical development of the subject giving the landmarks (significant contributions) under the broad divisions and subdivisions; the trend of research in the subject concerned as revealed in review documents marking out the broad areas in which current researches are in progress; and the trend of education and training in the subject concerne d. The important sources of information such as documentary sources , institutional sources and human sources; and the information transfer process among the users of information on the subject. After carrying out such a study of subject the Information Needs Identifier becomes confident enough to continue the work of identifying the information needs as he is exposed to the technical terminology and structure of the subject. Study the organization and its environment This is the second step in studying the organisation and its environment and preparing a profile for the organisation. Here, it is helpful for the information need identifier to know the type of the organisation for example, whether it is a corporate office, business or industrial enterprise and also differentiate whether it is public sector or private sector government or non government organisation, profit making or not for profit organisation, so as to identify the different types and styles of management and decision making processes which have a bearing on the information needs. As for this purpose, the information need identifier has to study the overall objectives, functions and the factors that affect the functions of the organisation concerned. Hence the organizations chart, the functions/ activities chart, annual reports, project reports, internal reports and other publications of the organisation would have to be studied. It will be of benefit to the information need ident ifier to attend special training courses/ orientation programmes usually organised for the benefit of new employees/ entrants/ management trainees by the organisation. The training courses are usually in the form of a series of lectures by senior personnel in the organisation spread over a period of three to six months. It would cover all subjects relating to the work of the organisation the basic scientific and technical background and detailed aspects of the engineering and technology of production. Further the participants would be taken to the different divisions of the organisation for observation and practical knowledge of the different items of work. Further, the environment in which the organisation works and its impact would have to be analysed. An information need identifier may have to study the super ordinate organisation, its objectives, functions etc., forming the environment and the factors that may affect the particular organisation concerned. Incase of a national organisation, then the countrys political, social, economical and technological environment having a bearing on the organisation as well as government regulatory environment would have to be taken note of. Study of the users specific environment At this point, it may be necessary to define in an ordely manner, the category of users whose information needs are to be identified. The Information need identifier must get himself well acquainted with the department of the individual user before conducting any actual interview with the user for the identification of his/her information needs. Most of the aspects to be covered in this study are: History of the concerned department, its objectives and functions. Organisational structure. Details of products and/ or processes of manufacture and/ or research. Details of plant, machinery, equipment, testing and other facilities. Scope of each discernible activity of the department. Information flow in the functioning of the department. Present sources of information and the channels and media used in the departments. Types of information services being used in the departments. Specific subjects on which information is being sought including type of information and kind of presentation required. Recent significant events and problems solved and the way they are solved including specific information used in solving the problems. Any other items of interest such as on going projects, training programmes etc., in the unit. Some of the sources that are to be studied for this purpose include the monthly/ quarterly/ annual reports by and on the department/ unit and its functions, minutes of meetings on and by the department/ unit, progress reports, project reports, all investigation/ review reports, performance reports, correspondence, proposals by and on the department, records of equipment, machinery and other facilities etc. It may be necessary for the INI to spend sufficient time in the users department to understand and acquaint himself with the working of the department, its organisational set up, the various activities etc., and thereby understand the situation in which the user is operating. This understanding will help the INI to easily correlate the users information needs in relation to his environment/ situation and enable the INI to grasp what the user is intending to communicate during any future interview with the user. Study of the user Users often tend to classify their wants/ interests into fragmented shopping lists, whereas their true needs may only be identified from a greater understanding of the user as a person . Therefore,emphasis should be placed on the basic needs of the individual as person . As such, it is essential that information need identifier should attempt to perceive the users problems as holistically as possible. If this is acceptable, then the expression of the information need ceases to be scientifically impersonal objective entity and becomes an expression which cannot be fully communicated apart from the user. Therefore, the next step, after the study of the users environment, is to study each of the individual users. Users are individuals. Nevertheless, in designing information systems, it is useful to classify groups of users. In relation to a specific existing or planned information facility, at least four different types of users can be distinguished .. Potential user; the one who needs information which might be provided by specific services of the information facility. Expected user; the one who is known to have the intent of using certain information services (subscriber to a specific information service such as an abstracting service). Actual User; the one who has actually used an information service regardless of whether any advantage was derived from it or not. Beneficiary; the one who derives measurable advantage from information services. Turning a potential user into an actual user and into a beneficiary should of course be the aim of planners, designers and operators of information systems. Users may be further classified into the following broad functional groups : Top Management which is responsible for policy making, strategic/ long range planning regarding mergers, acquisitions, capitals, new product lines. Scientists responsible for research, innovation, technical know how generation etc. Middle Management responsible for solving problems and making decisions required to fulfill the goals and implement policies set up by the top management. Supervisors responsible for ensuring that the products and services are produced on time, within the cost and quality level set. Operating Personnel / Technicians responsible for routine operations. Moreover, in an organisation setting, a user may play different specific work roles in performing his duties and in carrying out his functions and responsibilities. Some of the specific roles managers play, for instance include : Team Leader Liaison Monitor/ Controller Disseminator Spokesman Trouble shooter Resource allocator Resource Seeker Negotiator Decision Maker. Some of the communication activities of a manager and the percentage of events for each of the activities are given below: Receiving information, facts 27.8 % Receiving request for information, facts 8.0 % Receiving request for action 5.1 % Receiving request for approval 1.1 % Receiving opinion 0.7 % Receiving request for opinion 0.4 % Receiving applications for positions 0.4 % Receiving invitation 0.4 % Giving information, facts 12.1 % Giving opinions 0.7 % Giving instructions 0.7 % Seeking information, facts 9.2 % Requesting action 3.3 % Seeking opinion 0.4 % Checking and signing documents 6.6 % Circulating and moving documents 2.6 % Making notes and writing 1.5 % Interviewing 1.1 % Discussing interviewees 0.7 % Introducing speaker 0.4 % Participating in decision making 0.4 % Delaying response 0.4 % General discussion, meetings 12.8 % Complex events 1.8 % Others 1.5 % Further an individual may form a node in the following three directions of information flow in the organisation: Communicating down the line which is basically of five types : Giving job instructions and specific task directives. Job rationale information that is designed to produce understanding of the task and its relation to other organisational tasks. Information about organizational procedures and practices. Feedback to the subordinate about their performance. Indoctrination of goals information of an ideological character to inculcate a sense of mission. Communicating upward which may be reduced to what people say: about themselves, their performance and their problems; about others and their problems; about organisational policies and practices; and about what needs to be done and how. Horizontally communicating with colleagues in the same hierarchical level. A user, in his professional capacity, is in continuous interaction with: his culture that sets values and policies, and other influences and attitude. formal organisations such as his employing organization. invisible colleges, gate keepers as a type of reference group sufficiently distinguished by its membership criteria and communication patterns to warrant separate identification. the political system that can promote or inhibit activity and information flow. the legal and economic systems that impose legal and financial restraints on access to information. his work team, a sub system of the organisation that is distinguished because of interpersonal characteristics. himself, that is his cognitive system, motivations, attitudes etc formal information systems such as libraries and information centres. membership groups like professional societies that control information channels reference group made up of individuals having similar specialisation or interests but who are not necessarily in the same membership groups. Users who find themselves in such complex situations may have to be studied using a combination of various direct and indirect methods. Direct methods of user study are: Personal informal contacts with the user. Observing the user while at discussion with his colleagues; Survey using questionnaire Dialogue with the user while rendering information services to him/her Observing the user at his work spot (office, laboratory, factory, group meeting etc.) Interviewing the user, his supervisors, his subordinates, his personal secretary/assistant or his colleagues of co ordinate status. Observing the user while using information sources and services. Observing the user while giving a lecture/demonstration etc. Indirect methods include: Study of diary record of activities/ functions/ events maintained by the user. Study of citations received by the users publications Study of citations/ references given in the users publications Study of papers, books etc., published by the user Study of job description of the user Analysis of users response/ feedback to information services Analysis of reference queries received from the user Study of documents used by the user Analysis of the patents, designs etc., held by the user Scanning correspondence and reports prepared and received by the user Advantages of direct observation are that the information need identifier comes in direct and personal contact with the user in a dialogue, interview or discussion and that it provides an opportunity for observing the users in their normal environment. Therefore direct observation provides information on the personality and behaviour pattern of the user in different action situations. A disadvantage of the direct observation is that it so much depends on the observers own capability and adequacy in carrying out such observational studies. Inadequacies may come up in professional attainments, ability in communicating, maturity, tact and knowledge of and skill in carrying out an observational studies. It is also necessary to note that the inferences drawn from the observations may have incidence of subjective element of the observer. The analysis and inferences from indirect studies are based on the work done by the users which is based on serious thought on their part and is not merely some kind of off hand ad hoc statements.Therefore the records of users is adequate in providence of a more reliable indication of his/her subject interests, level of understanding, orientation, up to date in the subject and the skill to express ideas in writing for communication with peers. These studies also provide adequate time for analysis.The data collected is about a situation at a point in time and in a particular context which is to be extrapolated to a dynamic changing situation.Users are a living, developing beings, working in a system which itself is subjected to constant change.Few methods of study of users are discussed below: Preliminary survey of users. To begin with it is very useful to start with a survey of users.key attributes of a user may be grouped as follows: Subject interest Normal field of specialisation Specific topics of interest within the field of specialisation Subjects closely related to the above Academic background and orientation Educational background Professional background Background of research, developmental activity, management activity etc. Psychological attributes, particularly Temperament Reception and communication of ideas Attitudes towards professional team mates, colleagues, etc., in the organisation Ability to express ideas precisely Attitude to using and acquiring ability to use the tools and techniques of information services Specifically the information need identifier would need information about the user relating to the following : Foreign language competence. Types of reports both internal and external received and sent by the user Types of reports both internal and external which the user is not receiving but would like to receive Functions, activities, tasks (job description) and responsibilities (specific work roles) in the organisation; Authors and Corporate Bodies, whose works are of interest Education, training and special expertise. Membership in professional bodies Channels of communication between the user and other departments/ personnel of the organisation Outside organisations with which the user has academic or professional contacts Membership in committees, task groups Periodicals and other information services received through membership Subject and associated interests specific subjects, allied subjects Annual Reviews and other Series publications in which interested. Periodicals often containing articles of interest which are to be specifically notified Kinds of information media preferred by the user; Time most convenient to the user to receive information services Position of the user in the organization. Types of information notices/ services preferred by the user Approximate time available to the user in a day or week for reading Also information about the user may be obtained by a study of his/ her resume.Information need identifier should also carryout surveys using questionnaires for collecting such preliminary information about the users. He should fill up the questionnaire himself after following the steps of studying the subject, the organization, the specific department and the resume of the user. This would show some gaps in the resume and would help concentrate on information not available from it. A shortcoming with the questionnaire method is the low return rate. Study of Work Diary Maintained by the User Users may maintain a diary about their work for their own use. It records; important activities like filing of license applications, critical events and incidents comments on how improvement could be achieved in the organization discussions/ meetings with experts and / or with colleagues, for specific problems and their solution the consultants/ consultancy organisations preferred method of solution or probable reasons for non solution route of search for specific information, kinds of documents/ sources/ services/ channels/ media consulted and used and their usefulness procedures, techniques s/he has used and/ or has planned to use details of projects s/he is engaged in working details observations cases of problems faced results arrived at Some organisations it is mandatory that such a diary or record is maintained by each member of staff above a certain level as a part of the project routine, in a general prescribed form. Users to be studied should be asked to maintain a diary of all important events, cases of problems faced, method of solution, the specific information sources/ services/ channels/ media used and their usefulness. Also, they may be asked to record each and every event in the order of occurrence. Such a diary record, properly designed and carefully maintained can be a source of useful information on the specific topics of interest to the user.The methods and techniques s/he has used or planned to use in his work; the kinds of documents, information sources and services s/he uses extensively; the extent of time he normally spends in reading books, articles, reports etc., in discussion with colleagues, experts; and the kind of personal information services s/he prefers. Occassionally it may give some inf ormation on the persons in the organisation and outside it, with whom he usually associates himself with. Survey of information sources used The next step is to make a study of the different sources of information/ information services being used by the users. This aim of this study is to bring out the relevance of different types of sources/ services, the frequency of use, the availability/ accessibility of the sources/ services; preferences/ priority assigned to the different types of sources and services, and the relevance of record keeping in the users departments/ units 6 FORMAL INTERVIEW The next step is to have a formal interview with the user. After the stages mentioned above, the information need identifier may be in a position to draw up the relevant questions to be asked, the clarification to be sought and such other points for discussion with each individual user. This would depend upon, among other things, the category of the user, his environment and the specific roles he plays in carrying out his responsibilities. The questions would be mostly related to the specific work roles the user plays.Before having a formal interview with the user, the information need identifier, as a result of all the stages mentioned above , should prepare for each user a document giving; the types of information services required the sources and services that are available but not used the existing information sources and services in the organisation which are being used a rough estimate of a list of anticipated information needs of each uer. This estimate of draft information needs is the basic document for subsequent confirmation and modification by interviewing to confirm actual needs and to eliminate pseudo needs. Some of the data gathered will require clarification from the user. Some of the information needs identified may turn out to be temporary interests. The intended use of information has a greater bearing on the actual information required than the users discipline. therefore, the information need identifier should find out by appropriate questioning : what information for which need in which form how often/ when needed to perform which role For each specific information need in what quantity enough to read/ see/ hear in 5 minutes/ 10 / 30 minutes. with what priority very high, high, low. in what form digest, executive brief, table, graph, state of the art, trend report, original document in what media print, audio, visual presentation through graphic software what kind of information facts , opinions, view points, advice, technical details, statistical data, news, theory. to what extent of coverage exhaustive, selective, only recent, limited by specific time period; how often daily, weekly, monthly, as often as required depending on announcement/publication of such information The information need identifier should show the appropriate information service product to the user to make him express his need. The information need identifier should cross check to assess whether a need is a true need or a pseudo need. It has been found from experience that there is a tendency especially among the executives either to exaggerate their information requirements or to overlook some of them as unimportant due to certain reasons perhaps personal reasons. Often the user should be made to make specific, the value of the need in relation to his specific function /task . Thiswill aid assessing whether a need is a true need or a pseudo need. Interviewing the super ordinate and the sub ordinates may help to clarify these. The value attached to a need is an indicator of the priority that can be assigned to a need. In other words, in the interview, the information need identifier by suitable questioning of the user should delineate which needs are of high priority, which are actual, which are potential, which are distantly related, which may be dropped from and which are to be added to the forecasted needs. The value of the information need can be correlated to the value/ cost of the consequences of the use of the information supplied to satisfy the need. Priorities of information needs depend on the changes taking place from time to time in the users : Regulatory measures which affect his work either directly or indirectly affecting the whole organization Functions Responsibilities Position in the organizational structure Organizational functions and procedures affecting his work. Own priorities for various activities. To sense the changes and modifications in the information needs, their priorities and in anticipating new potential information needs; and already identified information needs converting into demands, it is necessary to attend committee/ task force/ project/ technical and other problem solving/ decision making meetings in which problems and projects are discussed of which the user is a member. It may also be necessary to attend committee meetings in areas which fall within the purview of the functions and responsibilities of the user. Feed back from information services rendered and suggestions from users about their changing interests, of the departments and of the organization as a whole would be of help. Periodic invited group discussions of users would throw much light on the changes taking place and likely to take place in future in the organization. It is to be noted that in order to have free exchange of ideas, it is better to have an appointment with users when they are free from important work. During the time of the interview, information need identifier should transact with the users tactfully; By giving examples of relevant information services and show how he can be helped in meeting his information needs. As far as possible, these examples must be from users own subject field or related fields of interest. By posing the actual problems likely to be faced by the user in the day to day activities for which information is sought and extract from them their potential information needs i.e., needs which are there but not expressed explicitly. By providing appropriate terminology to help the users enunciate their subject interests clearly and unambiguously. By using the subject profile of the organisation prepared by INI or a good schedule of classification scheme or thesaurus of relevant subjects, help the user pinpoint his subject interests precisely. By illustrating a few services which the user has already contemplated, gather opinions about different types of services required, by seeking their own ideas of services. By showing different sources of information, identify the other sources the user uses and also the most useful sources from which ideas for cost/ product improvement come. By showing the formal channels prevailing in the organization, unearth the informal modes of communication used by the user CONTINUOUS REFINEMENT AND UPDATING INFORMATION NEEDS It is a good practice to invite periodically small groups, not more than 15 persons of homogenous composition all design engineers, or all technicians / operators on a particular variety of machinery, or those doing different aspects of a particular task for discussion with information need identifier and other information service personnel about the information services provided, and the information needs, including changes in the information needs of the group. Members should be encouraged to mention in some detail about the present work they are engaged in, the problems they face, the information required and the information service likely to be of interest and help in their work, including comments on how the existing information services should be tuned/ refined to suit their particular information needs. If the discussion is conducted on proper lines such a users group meeting can combine some of the advantages of survey by questionnaire, interview and informal discussion with the users . Moreover, through these discussions the changes that are taking place and that are likely to take place in future, could be ascertained and the organisations dynamic situation could be monitored. This would help in continuous modification and up dating of information needs and tune the services to suit the changing needs. CONCLUSION Identifying a need is one thing and satisfying the need is another. The concept of information need is embedded in the studies of users, their environment, and information use. This area is one of the most amorphous areas of research in library and information science over the past four decades. In actuality, the methodology used for most studies have been found inadequate for uncovering users real needs which have been difficult to discover, measure and classify . It is hoped that the methodology discussed here, would be easy to perceive and be translatable into practice. Perhaps the methodology would become clearer and clearer as each step in it, is put into practice. Following the methodology would enhance the understanding of the scenario and help in fine tuning the procedure to be followed in particular situations to unearth real information needs. The proposed methodology is not only useful in identifying the information needs, but also information need identifier has a profound impact on finding ways and means to satisfy such needs. Simultaneously the information need identifier would discover, as a bye product, several ideas, tools, methods and tech niques of satisfying the users in meeting their information needs. In other words, if you identify the information needs of your clients this way, the documentation and information services that you would be rendering to satisfy these needs, would initiate action and bring about changes in the users, their outlook and in the organisation as a whole. REFERENCES CRONIN, Blaise. Assessing information needs. (Aslib Proceedings. 33(2); 1981; pp 40). ELLIS, David; COX, Deborah and HALL, Katherine. A comparison of the information seeking patterns of researchers in the physical and social sciences. (Journal of Documentation. 49(4); 1993; pp 356 369). HOMER, J.H. Patterns in the use of information : The right to be different. (Journal of American Society for Information Science. 1981; March; pp 103 112). SLATER, M. Information needs of social scientists : A study by desk research and interview. Boston Spa, BLRDD. 1989. (British Library Research Paper No. 60). DERVIN, B and NILAN, M. Information needs and uses. (Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. 21; 1986; pp 3 33).

Philosophy Descartes Views on the Differentiation...

Descartes views on the differentiation between the mind and the body has given rise to much thought regarding the interaction between these supposedly distinct substances. Through examining correlations between Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia it is evident that Descartes himself struggled to plausibly identify the interaction among the mental and material in relation to causation. This essay will investigate Elizabeth’s quires into the causational relationship between the mind and body by explaining and investigating Descartes distinction between the mental and physical as separate substances, Elizabeth’s concern in relation to the problem of interaction, and Descartes response to these concerns. The idea that there are two fundamental†¦show more content†¦She was understandably confused as to how there could be a causal relationship between two substances that, by definition, have completely different natures and can lead to the willing of an action or the having of an experience. According to Principles of Philosophy part II, section 15, in order for a substance to cause motion there must be contact between surfaces, however surface is a material mode. This begs the question as to how our minds can cause action (given the non-extended nature of thought) or our body’s sense cause sensations in the mind when they are distinct substances with nothing in common? Following Elizabeth’s thought, where humans do have voluntary movement and sensation, which would require surface contact therefore the mind, must also be extended as to have capacity for motion. As such, for causal interaction to occur the mind and body would need inclusive natures, which adequa tely weakens Descartes â€Å"clear and distinct† claim of perceiving the mind separate from the body. Descartes himself struggled to find a feasible answer to these questions. In a letter to Elizabeth, he suggested that a small gland in the centre of the brain, which he referred to as the pineal gland, caused â€Å"animal spirits† to interact with the body (Descartes, 1641). This more specific notion of the pineal gland creating causal interaction is often more commonly associated withShow MoreRelatedSpinoza’s Criticism of Descartes’ Substance Dualism2166 Words   |  9 Pagesbe conceived.† Spinoza’s criticism of Descartes’ substance dualism By: Jawad Samimi 01/04/2012 Substance dualism is often called ‘Cartesian dualism ‎and is the assumption that mind and body are really distinct substances. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) was the first early modern philosopher to hold that a thinking-thing is entirely different form an extended thing and mind can exist without the body. 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In Sartres case however, it is not mind an d matter but consciousness and its opposite: nothingness and beingRead MoreMax Hallmans Traversing Philosophical Boundaries3864 Words   |  16 Pagesfocus on conceptions of the self include Cicles by Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Nature of the Soul and Its Relation to the Body by Plato, and On the Real Distinction Between Mind and Body by Rene Descartes. In the former two essays, the authors explore identity and the latter three essays, the authors discuss the self in terms of a being who possesses both a mind and a body and how those two things are related, if indeed they are related at all. Trying to define identity or a sense of the selfRead More Emotional intelligence: The rapprochement of reason and emotion5515 Words   |  23 Pagesbeginning to emerge regarding the way emotion should be viewed. Emotions provide a unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently. A notion central to emotional intelligence theory is that individuals differ in their ability to perceive, understand and use emotional information, and this ability significantly contributesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence: the Rapprochement of Reason and Emotion5749 Words   |  23 Pagesbeginning to emerge regarding the way emotion should be viewed. Emotions provide a unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently. A notion central to emotional intelligence theory is that individuals differ in their ability to perceive, understand and use emotional information, and this ability significantly contributesRead MoreFoucault Power8957 Words   |  36 Pagespower relations-the word economy being used in its theoretical and prac tical sense. To put it in other words: since Kant, the role of philosophy is to prevent reason from going beyond the limits of what is given in experience; but from the same moment-that is, since the development of the modern state and the political management of society-the role of philosophy is also to keep watch over the excessive powers of political rationality, which is a rather high expectation. Everybody is aware of suchRead Moresecond sex Essay13771 Words   |  56 Pagesoften said that she thin ks with her glands. Man superbly ignores the fact that his anatomy also includes glands, such as the testicles, and that they secrete hormones. He thinks of his body as a direct and normal connection with the world, which he believes he apprehends objectively, whereas he regards the body of woman as a hindrance, a prison, weighed down by everything peculiar to it. The female is a female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities, said Aristotle; we should regard the femaleRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesIntroductory Notes on Organisational Analysis Understanding Organisations The Limits of Rationalism Levels of Analysis: The SOGI Model Limitations of the SOGI Model The Individual Level The Group Level The Organisation Level The Society Level Interactions between the Levels Morgan’s Metaphors The Metaphors in Brief The Machine Metaphor The Organic Metaphor The Brain Metaphor Cultural (Anthropological) Metaphor The Political Metaphor The Psychic Prison Metaphor Flux and Transformation The Dominance Metaphor

Analysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men - 946 Words

12 Angry Men For the purpose of this paper I will be using a movie based on a teen male who is on trial for the murder of his father in 1957. There are twelve men on the jury who are from all different areas of society. They have one goal, to decide based on testimony and evidence on whether the accused is guilty or not. The following information is one person’s observation of the movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† using the 5 Stages of Group Development. Keywords: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, Adjourning The Jury The Jury is conformed of twelve men. Each man is in a different social status in society and are sworn to have no prior opinion towards this case. To find the accused unanimously guilty of a crime, all twelve Jurors have to agree with out reasonable doubt that the accused committed the crime. If one Juror thinks there could be any doubt then all twelve have to agree the accused is innocent or it’s a hung Jury. Jurors are not clear on what they are supposed to do besides as a group decide if the young man accused is guilty or innocent. The jury room was very stifling, men are opening windows for air and using this as an opportunity to initiate superficial conversation with each other as individuals not as a group. Juror 10 publicized his sickness and need for air, his unintentional and non-confrontational approach to acquire attention. Juror 7, tries to start conversation with each and every man who approaches the windows. This constant need forShow MoreRelatedMovie Analysis : 12 Angry Men1639 Words   |  7 Pageswithin a diverse group.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of cooperative communities while providing different aspects of leadership. Movie Summary The movie 12 Angry Men is a depiction of a jury deliberation in the 1950’s involving the trial of a teenager that is accused of murdering his father. 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The entireRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 933 Words   |  4 Pages12 Angry Men Overview In the movie of 12 Angry Men, a group of jurors must decide the fate of an inner-city boy, who is charged with killing his father. The case should have been a slam dunk, yet one man (Juror No. 8) in the initial vote cast reasonable doubt over the evidence of the trial. While deliberating their verdict, the details are revealed. Subsequently, the jurors slowly changed their vote to innocent on the basis of doubt. Despite their duty to separate personal matters from the factsRead MoreMovie Analysis : 12 Angry Men1404 Words   |  6 PagesThe group type presented in the film 12 Angry men appears to be a task group. Task groups typically come together to accomplish a specific charge. In this case, their task was to decide a verdict of guilty or not guilty for the boy on trial. 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In the movie, the jury hasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie 12 Angry Men 1239 Words   |  5 Pageshands, such as a juror, you hope for the best, but that is not always enough. Sometimes there are certain variables, which can impact decisions and alter a person’s life forever. The movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† is a great example of how these variables play a role in determining a person’s innocence. Throughout this movie there were numerous examples of psychological science. The four domains I will focus on are stereotyping, eyewitness testimony, attribution process and problem solving. In the beginning

Street Light free essay sample

Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent energy problems the world now faces. Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaic (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. A Street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on posts which have wires strung between them; such as on telephone poles or utility poles. New street lighting technologies, such as LED or induction lights, emit a white light that provides high levels of scotopic lumens allowing street lights with lower wattages and lower photopic lumens to replace existing street lights. Photovoltaic-powered LED luminaires are gaining wider acceptance. Preliminary field tests show that some LED luminaires are energy-efficient and perform well in testing environments. This project is a LED based Solar Lights is an automatic street lightening system using a LDR and 6V/5W solar panel. During day time, the internal rechargeable battery receives charging current from the connected solar panel. Here IC 555 is wired as a medium current inverting line driver, switched by an encapsulated light detector (LDR). When ambient light dims, the circuits drive the white LEDs. When the ambient light level restores, circuit returns to its idle state and light(s) switched off by the circuit. Block Diagram: SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent energy problems the world now faces. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earths surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet. Earths land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earths surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14  °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived. The total solar energy absorbed by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The technical potential available from biomass is from 100–300 EJ/year. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earths non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined. Solar energy can be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. [pic] Average insolation showing land area (small black dots) required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar electricity. 18 TW is 568 Exajoule (EJ) per year. Insolation for most people is from 150 to 300 W/m2 or 3. 5 to 7. 0 kWh/m2/day. Solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends. However, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. Average  insolation  showing land area (small black dots) required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar electricity. 18 TW is 568 Exajoule (EJ) per year. Insolation for most people is from 150 to 300 W/m2  or 3. 5 to 7. 0 kWh/m2/day. Solar energy refers primarily to the use of  solar radiation  for practical ends. However, all renewable energies, other than  geothermal  and  tidal, derive their energy from the sun. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs. Passive solar techniques include selecting materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building to the Sun. Active solar technologies increase the supply of energy and are considered  supply side technologies, while passive solar technologies reduce the need for alternate resources and are generally considered demand side technologies. Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the  Greeks  and  Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth. The common features of  passive solar  architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and  thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. Socrates  Megaron House is a classic example of passive solar design. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together  solar lighting,  heating  and  ventilation  systems in an integrated  solar design  package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance. Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower  albedos  and higher  heat capacities  than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical cool communities program in  Los Angeles  has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3  Ã‚ °C at an estimated cost of US$1  billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530  million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings. Greenhouses  like these in the Westland municipality of the  Netherlands  grow vegetables, fruits and flowers. Agriculture  and  horticulture  seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. [24][25]  While sunlight is generally considered a plentiful resource, the exceptions highlight the importance of solar energy to agriculture. During the short growing seasons of the  Little Ice Age, French and  English  farmers employed fruit walls to maximize the collection of solar energy. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make better use of sunlight. In 1699,  Nicolas Fatio de Duillier  even suggested using a  tracking mechanism  which could pivot to follow the Sun. [26]  Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure. [27][28]  More recently the technology has been embraced by vinters, who use the energy generated by solar panels to power grape presses.

Pharmacology for Nursing Free-Samples for Students Myassignment

Questions: 1.What are the Indications and actions of the prescribed Medications? 2.What are the most Common Interactions of the prescribed Medications? 3.Discuss the Medication Management Education that is required to Enable Angela to manage her Medications at home. Answers: 1.The condition that Mrs Angela Brown aged 68 undergoes is what is medically referred to as multimorbidity. Basically, multimorbidity is condition where two or more chronic disease affects the patients. This situation is mostly prevalent among the older people. The cations that were taken at first to give het Metronidazole500mg was ideal at that particular time since the results of such prescription plays a very major role in the state of person (Pinnell Hoopla digital, 2014). From the patients who have undergone the same challenge they are given the same prescription to relieve the situation or most importantly relive the severity of the chronic problem indicated above. However, some precautionary measures ought to be taken before taking this medication since it contains some high level of carcinogenic which may incredibly affect the patient who has history of kidney or liver problem (Herbert-Ashton Clarkson, 2008).It is therefore important for the nurses to take full history of t he patient regarding the past history so as to see or rather determine the relevancy of being given the said medication before being administered to the patient so as not to cause some risk factors that are associated with it. Probably, Mrs Angela Brown may be experiencing some form of discomfort if the previous doctor was not able to clearly capture her past history on her conditions (Hogan, Burke, Gingrich Taylor, 2013). It is always prudent that before this medicine is administered the medic should have prior knowledge of the patient so as to know how best to medicate them. Regular checkup also amounts to gradual improvement of the patient. However, all this squarely depend on the readiness of the patients to discloses all the information regarding their health so as to have clear knowledge on how to be assisted by the concerned medic in their area of expertise (Lilley, Collins Snyder, 2017). It has been observed that the cooperation of the patient with the doctor or practition er is very instrumental in seeing to it that they are in a position of getting the best services.2.Metronidazole500mg IV tds should be taken as prescribed by the doctor as there are some complexity that may be evident if it not taken according to the prescription to the latter (Brenner Stevens, 2013). It is ideal to note that the aforementioned drug should be taken 2 hours upon completion of taking meals. Similarly, this drug ought not to be chewed, crushed or broken in the process of taking it as it may have dire problems to the patient taking it. This also implies it may not play its major role as intended and thereby it is always recommended that it should be taken like that in its totality (Toy, 2008). To ensure that the aforesaid drug does not have effect to ones body, it is ideal for one to get some regular testing on blood and liver so as to ascertain that their condition is stable. Therefore, it is always important for the patient to tell the doctor that they are using Metr onidazole500mg IV tds so as to give their doctor easier time to know how to treat orc which medicine to prescribe for the patient. It has been established that skipping of this medicine results to higher risks to the patients (Sammour, 2010). For this reason, it would be prudent for the patient to visit the medic and tell them their situation if they discover they have not taken the drug for some days since taking it without the consent of the doctor may have negative impact to its taker. Another area of concern is that, there is also need for the patient to have close contact with the medical care taker so as to guide them on appropriate step to take in case the side effect of such medicine becomes conspicuous. There is also need to have home nursing care because of its notable role in adding the person to recover well. This is also met to see to it that the patient observes the prescription to the latter. 3.For Mrs Angela to manage her medication, it will be importantly for her to have regular checkup and medical consultation so as to aid her fully recuperate from that worsening condition. Regular checkups are very instrumental to such patients since it would provide a clear report of her performance or progress and thereby allowing the doctor to know how best to go about her conditions (Lehne, 2010). To add on that, basing on Angelas age, it is important for her to get some home nursing which will significantly play noble roe in her quick recuperations. Her conditions may be termed as the one that needs palliative care and thereby this close monitoring and nursing will allow her to fully recover fast than anticipated. There are some of the practices that one has to avoids while taking this medication (Kee, Hayes McCuistion, 2015). This is like issue of one taking alcohol or liquor. Nonetheless, it has been observed that Metronidazole500mg IV tds has innumerable side effects if the p recautionary steps are not fully put into consideration for the safety of the patient. Therefore, Angela needs someone who will always monitor her condition for better recovery. It may be taken twice for seven days and most practitioner prefer this since it shows great improvement in the part of the patient. Some of its side effects are diarrhea slurring in speech and many others (Burchum Rosenthal, 2015). Angela may be able to manage her nursing at home if she is in constant communication with her nurse who offers her, palliative care there at home (Katzung Trevor, 2015). Since this is multimorbidity condition, it requires very close monitoring and thereby Angela may be able to realize her objective of recovery well she needs to get full support from the nurse who us responds to her health issues on time Interactions of drugs and its effects drug to drug interactions These are drugs that raises the interactions for other medicines. Drug to drug interactions may at time decrease the functionality of ones normal medicine and thereby hinder their way of recovery as such. This in essence may increase the chances of developing serious form of illness and to solve causing side effects which are very prone in magnitude (Katzung Trevor, 2015). For instance, if one takes a verity of drugs such as antihistamine, Benadryl and Vicodin, they may develop drowsiness to reactivity if such drugs in the body. Some medicine such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in indomethacin, lowers the functionality of kidney and thereby hinder the excretion oflithium, a drug used for bipolar disorder. The remedy of this is a dose adjustment and clear monitoring of the patient. drug to food interactions It is ideal to note that there are some of the drugs that can negatively interact with some food such grapefruit juicer. This is because the said food reduces the level of enzymes that is very crucial in breaking down the said medication. As such blood level for a particular drug increases and thereby resulting to high level of toxic in the body (Lehne, 2010). For example Salbutamol 2 puffs prn Amiodarone 200mg daily Aspirin 300mg daily On the same breath, the result of this may be pains in the muscles which is medically known as rhabdomyolysis. Bronchodilators for instance, theophylline or albuterol, and epinephrine may have great effect to the person especially if used with food. It is for this reason that one is advanced to avoid beverages that contain caffeine. Taking much of this increases the bioavailability of theophylline level in patient drug to herbal interactions Herbal interactions may have adverse effect to its consumers for a number of reasons explicated below. This is majorly attributed to the fact that most of the herbal drugs have not been labeled with safety warning which is a major characteristics of other medicine. As such the consumer may take the supplement only to find it is reacting negatively with either food or any other drug. This may incredibly interfere with the normal taking of drugs as it does hinder the breaking down of the drug and as such may result to other side effects (Brenner Stevens, 2013). It is important for one to always check with the doctor to ascertain the safety of a particular herbal before its consumption. References Brenner, G. M., Stevens, C. W. (2013).Pharmacology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. Burchum, Jacqueline., Rosenthal, Laura. (2015).Lehne's Pharmacology for Nursing Care. W B Saunders Co. Herbert-Ashton, M. J., Clarkson, N. E. (2008).Pharmacology. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Hogan, M. A., Burke, S. O., Gingrich, M. M., Taylor, T. (2013).Pharmacology. Boston: Pearson. Katzung, B. G., Trevor, A. J. (2015).Basic and clinical pharmacology. Kee, J. L. F., Hayes, E. R., McCuistion, L. E. (2015).Pharmacology: A patient-centered nursing process approach. Lehne, R. A. (2010).Pharmacology for nursing care. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier. Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., Snyder, J. S. (2017).Pharmacology and the nursing process. Pinnell, N. N., Hoopla digital. (2014).Nursing pharmacology. United States: Dot EDU. Sammour, S. G. (2010).Pharmacology for nursing. Toy, E. C. (2008).Pharmacology. New York: M