The Effects of Evolving Technology on Business Industries

The main thing in this world that is steady is change. This is a genuinely referred to stating which existed for as far back as I can recall. Thinking back 50 years and more from today, I can review how we used to handle in class about how individuals have lived hundreds of years prior. Globalization is the consequence of humans’ perpetual quest for enhancements and mechanical advancements. It is a combination of economy, work and innovation everywhere throughout the world, even across universal fringes. This development has expanded the progression of capital, products, rivalry and work across outskirts which, thus, had profoundly changed the genuine importance of citizenship. Today, the upsurge of advancements in innovation undeniably affects how associations work inside and with different establishments. For an association, its prosperity and disappointment enormously relies upon how the association was organized to function. The drive to improve people groups living example is as yet a similar drive or factor which triggers universal firms to globalize their activities and with that, today’s most recent innovation makes the company’s and purchasers life simpler It empower organizations to decrease cost by utilizing amazing hardware and apparatuses while buyers can have simpler access to the freshest items in the market. The development of another innovation presents the two dangers and openings inside the business elements and modifies the serious powers. Industry pioneers face the chance of losing their main spot and being supplanted by new contestants and longshots (since hindrances to passage might be brought down). In this way, innovation changes may give significant moves in industry elements. Contingent upon its authoritative capacities, it might be positive or negative to make extreme changes in accordance with the current association when a problematic advancement happens. Problematic change happens so irregularly that there is no standard reaction to them. The most effective method to change its new item improvement process relies upon the associations abilities. Capacities are its assets, forms (how they change assets to items), and corporate qualities. While assets are versatile to change, forms are not as adaptable, and qualities are even less adaptable. In this manner, when a troublesome mechanical change happens, an organization must look to its capacities. On the off chance that the change requires a colossal measure of budgetary assets that the organization doesn't have, at that point they clearly can't put resources into the change, on the flipside, if an enormous capital firm faces a similar change, the interest in the problematic innovation might be little to such an extent that it does not merit their progressively important time. A similar situation goes for procedures and qualities. Enormous firms might be huge to such an extent, that modifying their procedures to suit a change might be too oppressive though littler firms may have an a lot simpler time making alterations in their procedures. Moreover, all things considered, a littler firm’s qualities might be more adaptable for problematic change than enormous organizations whose longstanding qualities are not effectively versatile. To beat the characteristic inertial found in most enormous associations, directors may make new structures inside the association where new procedures can be created. This includes taking out representatives with the necessary abilities and drawing another limit around them. When the organization’s qualities may not be perfect with the new procedures, firms may make an entirely different undertaking which is completely possessed by the firm yet situated in another area with the individuals and different assets important to make a domain helpful for the new procedure. What's more, last, when a firm doesn’t have the supporting qualities, assets or procedures for continuing another procedure, it might get another firm which does. A few components may affect specific stages in the development of another innovation. For instance, mechanical advances, changes in what customers need or need, and changes in guidelines may trigger an innovation development. What's more, industry changes frequently feed of ecological changes. Anyway this fundamental change, once activated, doesn't really start until chiefs notice this need and follow up on it. When acting, chiefs look to analysis, and this experimentation profoundly impacts the business as it enables shape what the new business to structure will be. Subsequently, as examinations fizzle, the quantity of firms in the business for the most part is sliced down the middle, yet at times may increment. An industry’s reaction to another innovation decides when and how the mechanical change will happen. Without administrative understanding and dynamic identified with the innovation, the current business structure will persevere. Chiefs are basically the ones putting resources into these new advancements and they pick how and when to showcase them to people in general, and in this manner have at last the underlying power over the change. On the off chance that the business all in all doesn't react well to the innovation, they may not decide to contribute and showcase it, in this manner hindering its development. Despite what might be expected, in the event that they react well, it quickens the advancement of the change. In the event that the business all in all is uncertain significance some kindness some don't and some are going back and forth, the change may just observe moderate development, and relying upon which bearing conclusions are influenced (possibly in support of the innovation), the change might be finished or the advancement may never meet its pinnacle. One of the principal developments of innovation was the centralized server framework and it was during the 1960’s that PCs and such began to grant in associations and firms. The exemplary methods of hierarchal administration frameworks began to break down during these occasions. Through mechanical change, globalizing the tasks of a worldwide organization could set up a manor where they can lessen their work cost. Not denying the way that various individuals from various nations have various tastes, worldwide organizations could likewise customize their items as indicated by the shoppers or markets inclinations without disposing of their gauges and trademark. Previously, data control was essentially dealt with by those in administrative situations in a straight way as indicated by rank. With these frameworks of innovation, data was taken care of as to such an extent that organization straightforwardness is moderately existent for the individuals who can get hold of certain data. The attack of improvements in innovation has activated hierarchical structure modifications. These progressions can be delineated by thinking about two key factors: the area of data and the area of choice rights in the association (Brynjolfsson E. what's more, H. Mendelsson). With the inventive innovative frameworks today, significant data can now be accessible to all representatives or laborers in an association at all level. Previously, data dealing with and benefit was restricted to the people that straightforwardly handle them. Presently, the duty of taking care of data is left to data technologists or specialists. The specialists at that point put information or data into databases which are open to all segments of the association For instance, an association can have a site, consistently kept up and refreshed by proficient data technologists. Here, representatives, chiefs and clients the same, can sign on to the site and access whatever data they required. Besides, having sites is likewise an incredible preferred position since supportive criticisms are simpler to get from the two clients and representatives. The developing requirement for innovation advancements clears approach to fortifying certain ventures in a corporate world; like information the board administrations, PC engineers, data technologists, programming planners or builds et cetera. In spite of the fact that there are still associations or organizations that are reluctant to utilize data innovation, a developing number of associations are opening to the chance of rebuilding their associations to suit the benefits of utilizing the cutting edge data frameworks of today. Seeing as innovation development not just sets aside time and cash; it is likewise effective and entirely adaptable as for the association that selects to inject it in their current structure. In addition to the fact that it revolutionizes an association from inside. Through the generously utilized World Wide Web, associations can convey and help out different associations in a quicker, progressively proficient and less expensive way. Today, with the utilization of virtual workplaces, it is conceivable to close arrangements and understandings from taking an interest people far and wide without truly meeting one another. These days, as more associations center around the significance of data stream, hierarchical structures keep on changing into increasingly complex systems.â therefore, there is additionally a consistent drive to make more upgrades and headway in the field of mechanical development. These days, PC and work area have been overwhelmed by new network alternatives. There are different of USB gadgets like Digital cameras, iPods, PDAs, FireWire, thumb drives and MP3 players; with current innovations, for example, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and infrared (IrDA). With all these developing notoriety of versatile gadgetry encouraging adaptable working, clearly representatives could deal with the move. Endpoint frameworks today are effectively accessible. They are easy to use and regularly accompany more than one element. With every one of these comforts, it additionally implies that representatives could be hefting around a lot of delicate data unconscious of the likely dangers. Not exclusively can classified information be lost, representatives could likewise accidentally present malware onto the system while transferring work from versatile gadgets. In any case, along with this portability in work, come different infections which will bust your records just as your contraptions. The impact of innovation had an extremely large effect in the l

Get Free Solution for BAE Denver Airport Case Study

Question: Portray about the Heathrow air terminal 5's advancement venture? Answer: Presentation Heathrow air terminal 5's advancement venture was known as one of the super plans, which included in excess of 60 organizations, and it was contains 16 significant undertakings and 147 sub-errands (Sf Heathrow case, 2010). The undertaking ensured a fundamental air terminal, two satellite TV gadgets, an airport regulation structure, and prepares and transports association, as for biological effect just as hazard the executives. The realities and numbers about universal terminal are that, first, there are 30,000 square shape meters of glass in divider; second, there are 60 new plane stands; third, 13km of channels are worn out on gear overseeing and train joins; fourth, most water losing on the structure will be reused; at long last, there are six new train frameworks associated with worldwide terminal (BBC, 2008). Heathrow's air terminal 5's venture was a fundamental task since it has gigantic impacts toward a monetary framework and social advantages (Heathrow Airport Limited, 2011). Heathrow air terminal 5 was worked to decrease the travelers' mistake because of the Heathrow stress. From the outset, Heathrow air terminal 5's undertaking was considered to function admirably which was on routine and value go. Then again, fourteen days after the beginning, Heathrow air terminal 5 encountered the gigantic blend of issues. With this blend of issues, Heathrow air terminal 5's venture shows the hole of the task, which is astonishing. Advancement venture accomplishments necessities depend on Key Performance Indicators (KPI) demonstrating the conclusion inside time, inside a value go, and inside a lot of objectives and partners' need. Along these lines, it is urgent to play out a post survey on some primary reasons of the venture so as to completely see the accomplishments and falling flat of the task. Four administration issues are expressed beneath: Bombed in commencement Vehicle ending: there was some minor interference to representatives' vehicle leaving on the principal day. As per a joined BA/BAA (British Airports/British Airports Authority) exposure made on the day, auto vehicle stopping issues impacted close to 60 workers accessories, accomplishing difficulties of less than 10 min (BAA Heathrow, 2004). Bombed in arranging Lifts and elevators were not being operational: On the primary day 28 out of 192 elevators were not reasonable in wayfarer generally speaking plane terminal places on 27th March. By May seventh, 17 were still not meeting desires in any case. It was predicted that everything except for 4 future utilitarian before the finish of May (Kimberley, 2005). Regardless of progressing inspecting before 27th March, 2 lifts out of 103 overview on the beginning day however were returning in activity by 9.30 that day (BBC, 2008). Air stages: BAA said that all air-stages were accessible on beginning a day, yet that an assortment had been roused out of limits by BA workers because of inadequacy of comprehension. There were issues, for example, modifying the gadgets which had compelled to fall on limit so it required specialists to make fitting and reboot the contraptions. Exactly when people become familiar with the gadgets the game plan issues evaporated and BA recognized that the issues with the travelers had for the most part been settled by seventh May (Brady, 2010) (Perrow, 1999). Bombed in executing Things managing auxiliary issues: in the main day, the total of which keep baggage were being placed into the BHS (British Home Stores) was far higher than the total they were being stacked onto the plane by BA gear and coordinations capacities which bit by bit planned a gridlock in the framework. The structure itself managed inside format outlines. They see framework thought about that BA Strategies would move the full gadget working devices to the plane and complete them. Regardless, on the principal day this didn't occur (Sagan, 1993). There were issues with the specialists trying to sign into the framework. It influences data which had been wrongly present on the structure the day sooner. The issue was compelled to eight accessories of BA laborers and was cleared by 8.56 am on 27th March (Burke, 2006). The other the course of action of login issues was an immediate consequence of bar venture code affirmation security passwords being made wrongly by BA. Over 26% of BA clients were coming into the confused insurance security passwords on the starting day accomplishing the framework to make sure about out the client after three fruitless activities (La Porte, 1991). BAA utilized a pace of insurance security riddle word resetting framework to change this issue that day. In his assertion, Mr. Terry Morgan, the then executing Managing Manager of Heathrow, described that the things managing structure is enormously tangled and believed people placing in gear the program working and individuals taking out baggage. What was not broke down besides, it ought to have been was the last piece that is, getting the baggage from the gear zone to the airplane (BAA: The T5 Project Agreement, 2008) (Ripma, 1997). Willie Walsh (who is International Airlines Group's CEO) depicted that there were additionally some specific program the course of action of the things managing a structure that made impediments at the outset barely any periods (Major Project Association, 2007). The basic one, which was a structure channel that had been set up as an idiosyncrasy of the looking into framework, was seen toward the week's end that is March 30 and purged that day; so from March 31st, that issue was settled. A wide blend of task gives that made issues was settled inside multiple times to work (Basu, 2009). From the BAA perspective, Colin Matthews portrayed that the structure channel and reuniting issues on the things managing a course of action of them would not have built up basic issues. The channel issue influenced just several packs between one specific overall plane terminal and a substitute (Larry, 2006). As showed by Walsh, the staff structure was really meeting the wants very well by seventh May when he offered his affirmation. Amidst the trailing and breaking down of the framework this was diminished to around five gear every thousand people (Brady, 2006). Bombed in controlling Quest for staffs and control arranges: Difficulties of as long as 20 minutes were experienced by delegates Setbacks of as long as 20 minutes were proficient by workers traveling through the incline zone control content and the five representatives search focuses situated in the universal air terminal (Luther, 2007) (Burns, 2014). The technique for directing representatives search focuses was portrayed out in close collaboration in the midst of BAA and BA considering approximated throughput fundamentals for each spot, anticipated that worker's methodologies should working situations and interest at stream costs confirmed amidst pre-opening assessments. On the starting day, 4050% a greater number of pros appeared than had been normal experiencing the Southeast Outfit search for perspectives. Furthermore, the evaluations didn't some portion of doing it again data by individuals, non-BA pros and retail shop outlet delegates who were encouraged to assess to execute starting. These get-tog ethers included different individuals utilizing temporary causes a to go at, testing data certifiable worries through security which eased off steam (Caldwell, 2009). As showed by BAs CE, Willie Walsh, workers rule search for the position had been by and large overhauled, yet was as yet not totally meeting wants at the level BA would require especially he said that while there were adequate BAA designates in May, from time to time extraordinary security applications are either starting or close and that makes an issue (Deakin, 2009). On the off chance that, BA operators go to one worker chase down position and it is shut, they are sent directly to a substitute, which could be some separating blend away. This mishap them getting their execute zones rapidly (Davies, 2009). BAA just couldn't permit an indistinct debacle to strike the association which is, obviously, a regulated business and along these lines powerless against cost upgrades following its compensation is all around masterminded (Doherty, 2008). Its supporting is seen by five yearly perspectives of getting costs by its controller who awards BAA a set proportion of quiet returning and has besides without question that BAA has adequate compensation to blast through cash on BAA. The controller awards us a specific proportion of quiet returning. Meanwhile to get along with our sellers, we need to beat that, says Riley. Colossal cost assaults or long misfortunes to T5 would have broken the affiliation's notoriety and sent its stock expense rapidly diminishing (Deegan, 2006). It was not explicit predominance which was lost in these bombed attempts, nonetheless, their association and control, disordered by how the plot was a significant part of the time not feasible portrayed. Rather than trying to evaluate and grasp the perils in upgrade, they comprehends how to be directed after the event prompting extensive cases and speak cases. In like manner, as Riley calls attention to, 40 % of the expenses of cases are the genuine cost (Flowers, 1996). At within the terminal 5 cognizance is the certified snare that BAA keeps up the hazard while providers execute as a part of a party to limit perils and fruition the most ideal outcomes (Project Management Institute, 2013). Get-togethers of people from various affiliations perform appropriately on the boundless arrangement of increasingly decreased assignments that make up a gigantic strategy like terminal 5. As opposed to ignoring a set amount to every expert for hazard, which reliably wraps up as a point of convergence, these ventures are named somewhat coordinated, which, in the event that unspent, is then accessible for a su

The origin of hurricanes and predictability of hurricane tracks Free Essays

Low weight frameworks structure at mid scope mild zones because of the combination of warm and cold air masses. Low weight frameworks by and large structure over the polar front where the polar sea air (a virus air mass) and tropical oceanic air (a warm air mass) meet. Air flows around there inside the Northern Hemisphere will stream counter-clockwise because of the pivot of the earth and surface grinding. We will compose a custom article test on The inception of tropical storms and consistency of typhoon tracks or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Wind streams gather at the focal point of the framework, and the warm air rises since it is less thick, prompting low weight at the surface. It contains more dampness than the polar oceanic air and subsequently, when it climbs, it gathers and creates mists and downpour. Cirrus type mists are the primary mists that are typically made now. A flow of air pivots in an anticlockwise movement due to the coriolis impact. The tropical sea air twirls around the polar front, the framework develops and in the end a warm and cold front is made. At the warm front, the warm air ascends over the virus air, the cirrus mists create to be cirrostratus, altostratus and nimbostratus mists which inevitably will prompt overwhelming precipitation in view of the buildup of the warm air. Towards the edge of the warm front, conditions are increasingly steady and weight quits diminishing so a lot. Never again is there so much buildup and in this manner there is less downpour. Polar oceanic air is quick, thick, and solid. In the long run the air pushes in and powers the warm air off the ground, making insecurity. The weight increments, as the air rises quickly, cumulonimbus mists structure getting substantial downpour and storms[1]. The virus front comprises of heavier and denser air and uproots the hotter and lighter air, along these lines, it moves quicker than the warm front and it will eventually find it. Warm air is constrained off the ground by the virus air, and once this occurs, an impediment is made. Uniform air starts to fill the hole between the warm front and the virus front and this is the place the low weight framework starts to decrease. At tropical scopes, in the event that ocean surface temperatures are over 27 degrees c[2], at that point the low weight framework will develop. In the event that the conditions are correct, tropical rainstorms may create to turn into a storm. Low weight frameworks regularly start to pivot around a focal region of low weight. This is known as a tropical wretchedness, if the downturn increments in force with the goal that breezes reach in any event 39 mph, it’s sorted as a hurricane. On the off chance that breeze speeds reach and normal of 74 mph[3], it known as tropical typhoon or storm. Storms/tropical twisters fundamentally create in the locale somewhere in the range of 10 and 20 degrees North of the equator (Goldenberg, 2001). At the point when a tempest develops to turn into a typhoon/tropical twister, it is portrayed as a non-frontal low weight system[4] and can reach up to 340 miles across in diameter[5]. Tropical storms assimilate vitality from the warm water of the sea, and a tempest will keep on becoming inasmuch as there is a fuel source I. e a gracefully of wet air and warmth. This source is regularly found over the water in tropical waters. At the point when the warmth flexibly is cut off I. at the point when the typhoon starts to move northwards (or southwards), over colder water, it will debilitate and diminish. Warmth from the seas is the essential wellspring of vitality for storms, [6]and in this way, the more noteworthy the warmth of the SST [7]the progressively extreme and regular tropical storms around there will be (Goldenberg, et al, 2001). Typhoons don’t for the most part create far inland because of the absence of dampness. [8] If there is no dampness, at that point mists are not liable to shape. Cloud development brings about the age of idle warmth. Dormant warmth is the warmth expected to start a difference in stage I. to a condition of higher vitality, e. g. from strong to fluid, or fluid to gas, in this specific situation however, it’s from fluid to a gas. As mists are not produced so a lot, at that point very little inactive warmth is discharged. most of tropical storms start and remain inside the seas, however they do once in a while travel inland, and the impacts they can have on nature, society and on the economy of the influenced territory are conceivably crushing. The coriolis impact, which is a result of the earth’s revolution is the explanation that tempests pivot and why a storm has a run of the mill whirling arrangement. The turn of the tempest makes air be brought into the outrageous low weight at the inside (eye) of the tempest. As the air pivots, the air climbs. The rising air is clammy, the higher the elevation, the colder the temperature, thus, it consolidates shaping mists. Tropical storms aren’t found inside 0-5 degrees north and south of the equator ((300 miles (500 kilometers)) of the equator in light of the fact that the coriolis impact is at its most vulnerable now, so the tempest doesn’t have enough turn, and there isn’t enough power to keep up low weight in the focal point of the framework. Meteorologists can foresee storms in two principle ways : using regular probabilities and following of tropical storms that are in presence at a present purpose of time utilizing demonstrating techniques[9]. Every year, researchers turn out to be what number of tempests are probably going to form into typhoons/hurricanes and they additionally compute what number of are probably going to make landfall. Utilizing measurable methods, for example, CLIPER[10], past information, and by sending planes into the focal point of tempests they can decide wind paces, temperatures and can anticipate the force of a tropical storm, and what number of individuals it is probably going to influence. Numerous researchers attempt to decide the ways of tropical storms, and it’s a troublesome obligation on the grounds that not all typhoons have characterized ways, notwithstanding; the average qualities and properties of the climate and sea in a particular region permit researchers to have an unpleasant plan to which way a tropical storm is probably going to follow. On the off chance that the way is anticipated, at that point notice and insurance can be accommodated those that might be influenced and this is the most ideal approach to forestall a social, monetary and natural debacle from occurring. Tropical storms structure in different territories relying upon the different occasions of the typhoon season (Reading, 1990). Tracks can be anticipated effectively be that as it may, exactness is by all accounts an issue much of the time. Models have gotten increasingly exact (NOAA,2004) and forecast procedures have improved (Aberson,2001), anyway there is as yet an enormous vulnerability and mistake is as yet an issue. It is simpler to foresee precisely where a tropical storm is going to make landfall the closer to landfall the tempest is. So the further the tropical storm is away from land, the more blunder there is when attempting to work out its way (NOAA,2004). This is chiefly because of common changes in the tempests physical qualities. It has been controlled by NOAA, that, 5 days before landfall there is a normal of 350 miles of blunder, and one day before landfall there is a 100 mile mistake, [11]which is a significant issue on the grounds that a distinction of that mileage could decide if entire urban areas or towns should be emptied or not, and if there is a mistake, it could be pulverizing. Step by step instructions to refer to The root of storms and consistency of tropical storm tracks, Papers

Geoff the Pedantic Elf A Christmas Proofreading Story

Geoff the Pedantic Elf A Christmas Proofreading Story Geoff the Pedantic Elf: A Christmas Proofreading Story ‘Twas the day after Christmas, when all through the house, not an animal was mixing, not by any means a mouse. This fit Santa Clause fine and dandy. It had been a bustling merry period, all things considered, coming full circle in his standard, material science challenging excursion around the globe to convey endowments to all the great young men and young ladies (he designated the mischievous rundown nowadays for proficiency). The reality he uses such a good old method of transport makes it considerably progressively great. Presently, however, his work finished, Santa was appreciating an all around earned plunk down in his office. He was simply presenting himself with a celebratory liquor, truth be told, when somebody thumped on the entryway. â€Å"Come in!† called Santa to the knocker. The entryway opened a break. Geoff, Santa’s top administrator mythical person, veered in anxiously. â€Å"Can I help you, youthful man?† asked Santa, laughing to himself (he knew well that Geoff was 974 years of age, which is genuinely admired in any event, for a mythical being). â€Å"It was a smart thought of yours to mechanize the Christmas list framework this year,† he included, enthusiastically. Are those even genuine glasses, Geoff? â€Å"Umm, that is really what I need to talk about,† said Geoff, staying away from eye to eye connection with his chief. â€Å"We’ve had a couple complaints.† â€Å"Complaints?† roared Santa, jumping to his feet and overshadowing the mythical being. â€Å"From whom?† Geoff cringed, yet dealt with a reaction: â€Å"Parents!† he squeaked, â€Å"It appears that there may have been a few grammatical errors in the Christmas list!† â€Å"Typos? Like what?† Santa protested, going after his tablet PC and opening the Good Boys and Girls application that Geoff had created to deal with the Christmas list this year. The head mythical being watched Santa battle with the gadget for a couple of moments, at that point delicately took it off him and explored to the â€Å"User Feedback† area. â€Å"Here,† he stated, â€Å"This one is from a mother who says you crawled into her little girl’s room and performed neural medical procedure on her in the night.† Not something youd need to wake up to. Santa Clause sniffed protectively. â€Å"Yes, well? The rundown obviously said that she needed a ‘boy brain’.† â€Å"It did,† concurred Geoff, â€Å"But it ought to have said ‘toy train’.† Santa’s face, ordinarily so rosy, abruptly turned pale. â€Å"Oh. Well. I can perceive any reason why she may be disturbed. I believed that seemed like an odd request.† He delayed. â€Å"Was there anything else?† â€Å"Quite a couple, actually,† answered Geoff. â€Å"There was a kid in Arkansas who needed a puppy.† â€Å"What did we deliver?† asked Santa with substantial fear. â€Å"A elitist, clearly. â€Å"The kid’s father says the kid blew a gasket when he found a specialist sat toward the finish of his bed, tasting espresso and dealing with a laptop.† Hes adorable, sure, yet would he say he is little dog charming? â€Å"I can imagine,† said Santa, drooping go into his seat. Santa’s forehead wrinkled as he squinted at the tablet screen. â€Å"Is that even how you spell ‘yuppie’?† â€Å"It’s a variation spelling,† clarified Geoff, shrugging. â€Å"That’s what you get when you employ temps to do the information section work, I guess.† â€Å"So, at that point, what do we do now?† Santa asked, seeking the mythical person for help. â€Å"First of all, we have to get pull out there and, ahem, make some corrections,† the mythical person proposed. â€Å"And at that point, before we begin on one year from now, we ought to likely recruit a proofreader.† â€Å"Good idea,† murmured Santa, before taking a profound swallow of liquor. Joyful CHRISTMAS, EVERYONE! Make sure to edit your letters to Santa next year!(Photo: Jonathan G Meath/wikimedia)

New Opportunities and Experiences

New Opportunities and Experiences Hey guys, While attending Illinois, especially as a freshman, it can be easy to fall into a system. After coming from high school, students  are  so used to a set structure, that they attempt to build something similar to what they were used to back in high school. However, I urge you all to not fall into this routine. There are so many amazing things to try when here at Illinois, that it would be a disservice to oneself to not try a few new things, whether theyre classes, clubs, or other campus activities. For instance, this semester I enrolled in an informatics class, and even to this day I still dont really know what informatics is. What I do know though, is that in the last 11 weeks of this semester, I have learned a lot of information on things that Id never considered doing before this class. Ive learned to solder circuit boards, and to 3D print objects and scans, and even to make stickers! Nerdy, but its fun. Ive learned some new skills, and I get to keep everything I make. So as scary as branching out might seem, just think that by this time in your academic careers, youll have been accepted into one of the best universities in the country, left your home and family to live in a town youve probably only visited a few times, and started your first college courses. If you can do all of that, Im sure trying our for a club sports team, joining a student organization, or taking a class in a subject you know nothing about will be no sweat!  And just to show you its no biggie, here are a few of my creations for display (some more successful than others). Until next time guys, Kenny Kenny Class of 2016 I’m in the Creative Writing program in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences. I’m originally from Tampa, Florida, but I’ve been calling Illinois my home since 1998. I’ve lived all over the Northwest suburbs, from Palatine to Lakemoor to where I currently live back home, Mundelein.

Auto accident Teenagers and drivers Essay - 1375 Words

Why is the auto accident rate higher for teenagers than for all drivers? (Essay Sample) Content: Name:College:Subject:Due date:Why is the auto accident rate higher for teenagers than for all drivers?Adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. Numerous crisis and numerous experimentations as the young person searches for an identity characterize the period of adolescence. With a lack of proper guidance, these experimentations have drastic consequences. Driving is one area that adolescents familiarize with during the period. The relationship between age and driving has been a concern for road usage policymakers for a long time. Drivers that are too young (adolescents) and drivers that are too old cause most accidents. Adolescents are responsible for the highest numbers of accidents due to their low perception of risk and irrational decision-making. Slow decision-making and slower reflexes on the other hand affect old people and account for most accidents involving the elderly. In the United States of America, the number of fatalities beca use of adolescent accidents in the year 2008 was 6,428 people (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). Most these people were in other vehicles or passengers of the accident causing adolescents. The states of Florida and California recorded the highest numbers of accidents involving adolescents in the year 2008 at 516 and 593 respectively. Of these people, 2793 people were the young drivers, the rest either their passengers or outside parties involved in the accident (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). Clearly, there is need for action to bring these numbers down. However, to improve the statistics, it is important to understand young drivers and the factors that lead to their involvement in road accidents.Poor hazard detectionOwing to their inexperience in the roads, young people have low abilities to detect hazards, such as slippery roads (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). This makes them vulnerable and in some cases results in accidents. For example, the case of slippery roads, due to r ain or any other factor reduces friction between the tires and the roads and between the brakes and the wheels. This results in brake failure that in turn leads to accidents and loss of life. Loss of friction between the road and the tires also results to loss of control of the car, change of direction at relatively normal speeds may result in skidding and consequently an accident. Failure of perception of this risk by adolescents therefore results in road accidents. Adolescent egocentrism also leads to poor hazard detection. Adolescents have nave idealism, which leads to perception of things, as they would be in an ideal world. For example, an adolescent is likely to ignore the driving of another driver on the road because he or she feels that he or she will be fine if he or she drives well, regardless of other drivers. This exposes them to further risks because twice as many people die from accidents that they did not cause directly (the above statistics demonstrates this). Low ri sk perceptionRisk perception entails assessing hazards and adjusting to them based on ones ability to deal with hazards (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). Young people over rate their driving abilities. Adolescents are more likely to ignore a risk because they feel they can handle it than older, more experienced drivers. For example, an adolescent may ignore the pressure of their tires because they feel they are able to drive on those tires the way they are. They are not aware of the effect of unbalanced wheels on the stability of the car, especially when using brakes. This poor perception of risk also leads to assumptions, which affects the mental register. The effect is that the young driver is unprepared when the hazard becomes threatening, leading to accidents. Risk takingAdolescents are more likely to try new thing than older drivers are (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). For example, tailgating and racing, or attempting to pull stunts such as drifting are all risky driving man euvers that young drivers engage in, as well as ignoring traffic rules, such as disregarding the traffic lights. They take these risks because of pressure from their peers, the need to prove themselves and impress their peers as well as to have some fun. These risks often result in accidents involving the young drivers (Sigelman, et al., 228). The road conditions are not ideal to support most of the stunts they try to pull. The young drivers also lack the relevant skills to engage in these risks, such as drifting and racing (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). In addition, the cars they drive are not for such acts by design, which stretches abilities of these cars to breaking point, resulting to failure of some systems in the cars and consequently resulting to accidents. Psychologists propose that adolescents are likely to engage in these activities due to adolescent egocentrism. For example, the invincibility fables. Adolescents, according to psychologists, take more risks because th ey fail to perceive real danger (Sigelman, et al., 227). They exempt themselves from rules of nature and think they are unlikely to die or suffer any real consequence because of their actions. Their need to make an impression, which leads to taking risk, also arises from an adolescent fable, imaginary audience. According to psychologists, adolescents feel that they are constantly under scrutiny from people around them, this leads to them doing things to draw attention (Sigelman, et al., 227). If they knew that no one really cares how they drive, then they would feel that taking risks is unnecessary and they would not take as many risks. Not wearing seat beltsSeat belts reduce the probability of a fatality incase of an accident. Adolescents are less likely to wear seat belts than older or younger people are. This could be a sign of defiance to their parents or they do not wear the seatbelts because of their restraining effects (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). Adolescents are very a ctive, and because the seat belts restrict their body movement, they refrain from wearing them. The reason could also be a perception. They perceive wearing seatbelts as un cool and therefore refrain from wearing them (Sigelman, et al., 227). The reason why they do not wear seatbelts, whether they are driving or they are passengers is not clear. What is certain is that few adolescents wear seat belts and it results in more fatalities in the event that an accident occurs. Lack of skillsMost young drivers are learners. They lack the skills relevant to have proper control of a car and they are therefore more susceptible to road accidents (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). Driving is not all about balancing the clutch and the accelerator, or learning the rules. It is a life long experience enhanced by experience and knowledge about the inner workings of a car. For instance, an experienced driver can usually tell when a car develops mechanical problems, even if the problem does not affec t the smooth running of the vehicle. They are therefore better suited to perceive risks and deflect them before they occur. Failures of young learners to detect these problems lead to road accidents. Experienced drivers also have the ability to get out of tight situations without panicking. Young drivers on the other hand loose their composure, which leads to erratic decision and this result in accidents. Alcohol and drugsDriving under the influence of alcohol, or recreational drugs reduces the perception of danger (Teenage Driver Crash Statistics). Research also shows that drunk drivers experience blurred vision and their reflexes are not as fast as when they are sober. Adolescents are common abusers of drugs, and since it is illegal to drink at their age, they are unable to ask their parents to drive them home. The result is that they have to drive even when they abuse drugs, which increases the probability of accidents involving young drivers. Young people have a natural willingn ess to take risks and try new things. Addition of drugs amplifies this willingness and results in irrational risks, increasing the probability of accidents. Some drugs also lead to drowsiness. If a driver falls asleep while driving, an accident is certain to occur.

Know More About Consonant Sounds and Letters in English

A consonant is a  speech sound thats not a vowel. The  sound of a consonant is produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the airstream by a constriction of the speech  organs. In writing, a consonant is any  letter of the alphabet except  A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes  Y. There are 24 consonant sounds in English, some voiced (made by a vibration of the vocal cords) and some voiceless (no vibration). Consonants Versus Vowels   When spoken vowels have no obstruction in the mouth, as opposed to consonants, which do. In his book Letter Perfect, the author David Sacks described the difference between speaking consonants and vowels this way: Whereas vowels are pronounced from the vocal cords with  minimal  shaping of expelled breath, consonant sounds are created through obstruction or  channeling  of the breath by the lips, teeth, tongue, throat, or nasal passage.... Some consonants, like B, involve the vocal cords; others dont. Some, like R or W, flow the breath in a way that steers them relatively close to being vowels. When consonants and vowels are put together, they form syllables, which are the basic units of pronunciation. Syllables, in turn, are the foundation of words in English grammar. Phonetically, however, consonants are much more variable. Consonant Blends and Digraphs When two or more consonant sounds are pronounced in succession without an intervening vowel (as in the words dream and bursts), the group is called a consonant blend or consonant cluster. In a consonant blend, the sound of each individual letter can be heard. By contrast, in a consonant digraph,  two successive letters represent a single sound. Common digraphs include G and H, which together mimic the sound of F (as in the word enough), and the letters P and H, which also sound like an F (as in phone). Silent Consonants In a number of cases in English, consonant letters can be silent, such as the letter B  following M (as in the word dumb), the letter  K  before  N  (know), and  the letters B and P before T (debt and receipt).  When a double consonant appears in a word,  usually only one of the two consonants is sounded (as in ball or summer). Stop Consonants Consonants can also serve as a means of bracketing a vowel, stopping their sound.  These are called  stop consonants  because the air in the vocal tract is completely stopped at some point, usually by the tongue, lips, or teeth.  Then to make the consonant sound, the air is suddenly released. The letters B, D, and G are the most frequently used stops, though P, T, and K also can serve the same function. Words that contain stop consonants include bib and kit. Stop consonants are also called plosives, as their sounds are small explosions of air in the mouth. Consonance Broadly,  consonance  is the repetition of consonant  sounds; more specifically,  consonance  is the repetition of the consonant sounds of accented syllables  or important words.  Consonance is frequently used in poetry, song lyrics, and prose when the writer wants to create a sense of rhythm. One well-known example of this literary device is the tongue twister, She sells seashells by the seashore. Using A and An   In general, words that begin with vowels should be introduced by the indefinite article an, while words that start with consonants are set off with an a instead. However, when the consonants at the beginning of the word produce a vowel sound, you would use the article an instead (an honor, a house).

Ethnic Differences Between Ethnic Cultures - 1667 Words

Jonah Grier International Business April 14, 2016 Demographically Split – Geographically Single: General Israeli Culture Introduction: Dominated by Zionistic beliefs, Israel is slowly opening to new culture changes. Though divided in religion, Israel is ready to take risks to advance peace. Old Israeli culture requires upholding standard traditionalistic values. Traditional values within the Israeli culture tend to enforce solidarity. Globalized customs have brought forward new ideals to their system. Due to the recent societal shifts within Israel, we can analyze Israel’s culture using Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, and in particular the concept of foreign direct investment. Power Distance: Located on the eastern outskirts of the†¦show more content†¦For the most part, positions within a business are equal. All positions have a voice and are allowed to contribute as much as they desire. In high power distance countries, lower level employees have very little interaction with upper management administration. In the eyes of Israeli business owners, keeping the workplace equal allows for diversity and stronger business decisions. Israel maintains a low power distance by keeping jobs within the workplace equal. They also do not restrict executives from collaborating with lower management. This collaboration shows that Israel has a decentralized chain of command and that everyone is a part of the structure in a business. Individuality vs. Collectivism: In terms of individualism vs. collectivism Israel has components of both but leans slightly towards individualism. Individualism vs. Collectivism expresses the degree to which people value autonomy or group work. Multi-cultural groups such as Palestinian-Arabs, and Jewish-Israeli’s make up a majority of the population. Jewish-Israeli traditions focus more on individualism, while Palestinian-Arab ethics display a more collectivist approach. A study done by the University of the Negev, interviewed 1,190 Palestinian and 1,144 Israeli high school students. The study examined whether the student liked group work, or individual work. Results showed that both groups had collectivist ideals, however, Palestinian students had a higher score towards groupShow MoreRelatedEssay on Conflict and Communication 1267 Words   |  6 Pagesonly negative site (Kelman, 2002). In term of cultural and ethnic differences in conflict, there are important factors which deal with conflict. According to cultural and ethnic difference in conflict, we separate people in two groups; there are Individualistic culture and Collective culture (Ting-Toomey, 1985). In this case, the member of individualistic culture will separate issue of conflict but the member of collectivistic culture is in contrast (Ting-Toomey, 1985). In addition, member of individualisticRead MoreAfrican American Studies : The Matrix Of American Ethnic Studies972 Words   |  4 Pagesethnically diverse and there are more access to Higher Education, there has been a trend for a presence of Ethnic Studies in Academia. These â€Å"Area† Focused disciplines tries to distinguish their goals apart from other disciplines, which encourages Ethnic Studies to constantly change. Using Color-Line To Borderlands: The Matrix of American Ethnic Studies, I will focus on the following Ethnic Studies and the ir goals: African American Studies, Women’s Studies, Chicano/a Studies, Native American StudiesRead MorePsychopathology And Culture : The Epidemic Of Eating Disorders1396 Words   |  6 Pages Psychopathology and Culture: The Epidemic of Eating Disorders By: Bernadette Oldfield Dr. Van Arsdale Abnormal Psychology 6 May 2015 Throughout cultures, mental disorders vary immensely. In some cultures, certain disorders are considered taboo and not even recognized, in other cultures, the treatment of certain disorders varies, but the biggest thing that is different, is how certain disorders effect certain cultures and races less or more than others. This is somethingRead More Ethnic Identity and African Americans Essay871 Words   |  4 Pages Ethnic Identity and African Americans Ethnic Identity Ethnic identity is the sum total of group member feelings about those values, symbols, and common histories that identify them as a distinct group (Smith 1991). Development of ethnic identity is important because it helps one to come to terms with their ethnic membership as a prominent reference group and significant part of an individuals overall identity. Ethnic reference group refers to an individuals psychological relatedness to groupsRead MoreConflict Between Narcissism And Aggression Essay1283 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible for their suffering. Further there is a psychological dimension of the ethnic nationalism that is centered around peoples’ perceptions when questioning their identity. Conflict  is a  process  driven by collective needs and fears that comes from a psychological aspect. Psychology drives attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups. Using Freud’s analysis, Ignatieff focuses our attention on the relationship between narcissism and aggression. Narcissism is a personality trait that involves arrogantRead More Dominicans And Afro-americans Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation, there are several ethnic groups. The other ethnic group similar to Afro-Americans is Dominicans. Not only are they both minorities, but they also look similar as well. Both Dominicans and Afro-Americans are originally from Africa, but their slave masters separated them into two different cultures. African-Americans was African slaves of Americans, and Dominicans were African slaves of the Spanish. Hevesi o f the New York Times says, quot;Dominican and Afro-Americans culture was formed from oneRead MoreThe Theoretical Approach Towards Nationalism Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesthat lead into ethnic wars, ethnocentrism, racial tensions, and religious discrimination. On the other hand, there are also some nationalist struggles that developed into socialist movements. Primordialism Primordialism is a theoretical approach to nationalism that argues that nations are natural phenomena. This basically means that the establishment of a nation is simply caused by the unification or bonding of individuals or peoples with a number of commonalities, such as culture, language, orRead MoreEthnic Nationalism Source Of Community Of Fear Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic Nationalism Source of Community of Fear Nationalism, according to the most widely accepted definitions of, is the doctrine that the state and the nation should be congruent. However, there is much more to add to the definition of nationalism today in connection to the ethnic and civil society. The definition of nationalism depends on its context. The typology of nationalism defines its strength and/or weakness of the relationship among the community in which it’s defined. While civil nationalismRead MoreEthnic Diversity : The Melting Pot1054 Words   |  5 Pageswaves of immigrants, bringing their own cultures and traditions to a blossoming new country. America has become known as the â€Å"Melting Pot†, this metaphor though is giving way to new emerging names such as, â€Å"Salad Bowl†, and â€Å"Mosaic†. Different cultures mixed together, similar to those of ingredients, each having individual characteristics. Ethnic diversity is rampant throughout today’s society, involving diverse in dividuals who share a common and distinctive culture, religion, and language. Many may notRead MoreWhat is Confict Transformation 890 Words   |  4 PagesExplore options together (Fisher, Ury, Patton, 1991) This aims for continuous discussion to come to some agreement between the parties. It’s also a very constrictive method (Fisher, Ury, Patton, 1991). Relating this approach back to the conflict above it can be said that 3/5 of the rules was broken. Both parties beside the customer failed to create some sort of relationship between one another which led to miscommunication (listen first, talk second) and finally leading to unknown facts about that

Information Systems Applications - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 5898 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Information Management and Systems It is defined as the discipline that covers several applications including people,procedures and technologies.these a ppliocations aree collectively reffered to as information systems. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Information Systems Applications" essay for you Create order Information Systems Management(ISM) are distinct from the normal information systems in the sense that they are capable of analyzing other information sytems that are apllied in operational activities of an organization.It is a planned system of perfoming collection,storingand dissemination of data in the form of the required information for carrying out necessary management functions. In the academic world the term is used to refer to,a group of information management methods twined to the automation of human decision making.Such systems include;Expert Systems,excecutive information Systems and Decicion Support Systems. ISM includes the application of Information Technology in support of major functions and activities in an organization or institution.ISM supports processes of:Storage,collection,manipulation,utilization and distribution of information resources of an organization.Manual processes are also included in an information system.This term is used as a synonym for information that are computer-based. Information systems will often deal with dockets such as use,development and management of an organizations information technology infrastructure. It includes systems that are not intended for decision making Currently the focus of companies has shifted from product oriented to information oriented.this means that there is more competition in process and innovation,by market operators, rather than product.There is much emphasis on the production process and services that accompanies the process of production. One of the most valued asset of a company is its information.This calls for a very strong information infrastructure.Therefore the study of information systems is keen on why and how technology can be put into excellent use in service to information flow within an organization. A great majority of information systems are developed for people.This peole employ the same in various areas including functional areas such as;human resource,marketing,finance,accounting etc.ISM professionals require a strong mixture of both technical and business knowledge for them to develop an information system that meets the needs of an organization. They must understand organizations objectives,its structures,operations and financial implications that are relative to these factors.Good understanding of these factors will give the ISM professionals a good base for effective communication with users before designing systems that will support their needs.It is also a good attribute of an ISM manager or professional to be updated with the evolving information technologies.They should posses a strong foundation of technical skills so as to select appropriate technologies and implementation of computer based information system. OVERVIEW In the current workplace,it is definite that technology works both effectively and reliably.ISM professionals have a key role in implementing technology within organizations. Infomation Systems Managers plan,network,and direct research and facilitate all computer related duties of firms.They are functional in determining both business and technical goals during consultation with the top management.They make detailed plans in accomplishing these goals.They give directions to other computer related workers e.g computer programmers,system analysts etc.They also aid in planning and coordinating activities like installation and upgrading of hardware and software,developing computer networks,implementation of internet and intranet sites and systems designing.They are involved with upkeep,security and mantainance of networks.They have a role in analyzing the computer and information needs of the organizations they work with from a strategic and operational persp[ective.Hence determining the longrange personnel and equipment requirements.Their duties also include assigning and reviewing their surbodinates work.They are also supposed to ensure that their organizat ions do not lag behind competitors. INFORMATION NEEDS End users of a system have different information needs depending on what he/she is trying to find,why she/he is trying to find and when she/he is trying to find the information.An example is the design of a staff directory,where there is an assumption that most users will be able to perfoam known item searching.Thet the user knows exactly what he is looking for,e.g Kerrys phone number.He has necessary terms to articulate the need,e.g he knows Kerrys second name is Brown and thats what he will search under.And finally he knows that that staff directory exists and that its the right place to look. Identification of information needs is important in designing an information system and to the provision of relative information services.For effective identification of information needs one has to identify the different methods for gathering information on various factors influencing those needs.A selection depending on the needs of the user is necessary.A step by step procedure is necessary in identifying information needs of most users.a careful analysis is to be made to distinguish the actual needs from the data gathered. The information needs identifierwill be able to discover, as a bye product, several ideas, tools, methods and techniques of satisfying the users in meeting their needs.At present,insufficient self sufficiency constitutes information needs. These information needs represent vacuums in the current knowledge of the enduser. Besides the expressed or articulated needs, there exists unexpressed needs which the user is aware of but will not like to express. The other category of need is the dormant need which the user is not aware of. But the information services provider might be able to bring to light these needs . A need is specific.It is generally time bound,either immediate or deferred.Information provided for a need will be used.Information provided may also be used or may not be used. Information needs depend on: Area of interest Hierarchical position of individuals work activity need to take a decision Availability of facilities. Need to seek new ideas Motivation factors for information needs Need to establish priority for recovery etc Information needs are also affected by a variety of factors including: The consequences of information Range of information sources available Background,professional,motivational orientation Uses of which information will be used. The social, political, economic, legal and regulatory systems surrounding the user Information needs identification is also somewhat a complex process. Some of the factors rendering it complex include: Original documents needed by researchers Individual preferences and behavioural aspects add a further dimension. Same information is perceived differently by users Information is put to different uses Need is satisfied by having access to the identified information in a particular package and form, and at a suitable time The flow of information and channels of communication are complex and add to the complexity The main steps in the process of identifying information needs is shown below: Studying the subject(s) of interest to the organization and or User(s Studying the organisation and its environs Studying the immediate environment of the User(s) Studying the User(s) Performing a formal interview Identifying and recording of the information needs Analysing and refining the identified information needs. Preparation for identifying information needs A very undefined situation is faced maybe only by the information professionals. They are unable to prescribe the required information to their clientele in the way the other professionals like physicians prescribe.Such prescriptions have a final say and authority, and which are embraced by the clients.Prescription is authoritative mainly because the clients of physicians and other professionals are seeking advice in a field which they themselves are ignorant of. But the clients of information professionals are more often specialists in the areas they seek information and professional advice. The main reason why there are difficulties experienced by the information professionals in distinguishing the wishes or the desires from the actual needs of the users . Therefore the information professional has to prepare himself/ herself in such a way as to create confidence in the users about his/ her professional capabilities. It will also be important if the investigation of information nee ds is to be successful, it is above all good to bear in mind that the person chosen to be the information needs identifier will need to be acceptable at all levels of users and have credibility. most guidelines in the form of a step by step procedure to identify information needs is presented incorporating the steps to be taken by the information system adentifier to equip himself/ herself for this investigative work. Study of subjects An information needs identifier must study the subjects of interest to the organization,users, and identify the central, peripheral and supporting areas.The result of such a study would produce a handbook on the subject to guide further work of identifying the information needs. This handbook is not a technical manual for technical personnel but a handy tool for the information professional. Such a handbook would present a birds eye view of the subject giving the following : Definitions of the subject concerned, collected from different authoritative sources bringing out the similarities and differences; scope of the subject giving definitions and scope of divisions and subdivisions; scope of the subjects that are tool subjects applicable to the subject concerned for its development; and scope of the subject in terms of the areas/subjects where the subject concerned is applied for their development. The different types of classification of the subject concerned including special subject classifications, taxonomic classifications, general document classifications, and vocabulary control tools such as thesaurus. The historical development of the subject giving the landmarks (significant contributions) under the broad divisions and subdivisions; the trend of research in the subject concerned as revealed in review documents marking out the broad areas in which current researches are in progress; and the trend of education and training in the subject concerne d. The important sources of information such as documentary sources , institutional sources and human sources; and the information transfer process among the users of information on the subject. After carrying out such a study of subject the Information Needs Identifier becomes confident enough to continue the work of identifying the information needs as he is exposed to the technical terminology and structure of the subject. Study the organization and its environment This is the second step in studying the organisation and its environment and preparing a profile for the organisation. Here, it is helpful for the information need identifier to know the type of the organisation for example, whether it is a corporate office, business or industrial enterprise and also differentiate whether it is public sector or private sector government or non government organisation, profit making or not for profit organisation, so as to identify the different types and styles of management and decision making processes which have a bearing on the information needs. As for this purpose, the information need identifier has to study the overall objectives, functions and the factors that affect the functions of the organisation concerned. Hence the organizations chart, the functions/ activities chart, annual reports, project reports, internal reports and other publications of the organisation would have to be studied. It will be of benefit to the information need ident ifier to attend special training courses/ orientation programmes usually organised for the benefit of new employees/ entrants/ management trainees by the organisation. The training courses are usually in the form of a series of lectures by senior personnel in the organisation spread over a period of three to six months. It would cover all subjects relating to the work of the organisation the basic scientific and technical background and detailed aspects of the engineering and technology of production. Further the participants would be taken to the different divisions of the organisation for observation and practical knowledge of the different items of work. Further, the environment in which the organisation works and its impact would have to be analysed. An information need identifier may have to study the super ordinate organisation, its objectives, functions etc., forming the environment and the factors that may affect the particular organisation concerned. Incase of a national organisation, then the countrys political, social, economical and technological environment having a bearing on the organisation as well as government regulatory environment would have to be taken note of. Study of the users specific environment At this point, it may be necessary to define in an ordely manner, the category of users whose information needs are to be identified. The Information need identifier must get himself well acquainted with the department of the individual user before conducting any actual interview with the user for the identification of his/her information needs. Most of the aspects to be covered in this study are: History of the concerned department, its objectives and functions. Organisational structure. Details of products and/ or processes of manufacture and/ or research. Details of plant, machinery, equipment, testing and other facilities. Scope of each discernible activity of the department. Information flow in the functioning of the department. Present sources of information and the channels and media used in the departments. Types of information services being used in the departments. Specific subjects on which information is being sought including type of information and kind of presentation required. Recent significant events and problems solved and the way they are solved including specific information used in solving the problems. Any other items of interest such as on going projects, training programmes etc., in the unit. Some of the sources that are to be studied for this purpose include the monthly/ quarterly/ annual reports by and on the department/ unit and its functions, minutes of meetings on and by the department/ unit, progress reports, project reports, all investigation/ review reports, performance reports, correspondence, proposals by and on the department, records of equipment, machinery and other facilities etc. It may be necessary for the INI to spend sufficient time in the users department to understand and acquaint himself with the working of the department, its organisational set up, the various activities etc., and thereby understand the situation in which the user is operating. This understanding will help the INI to easily correlate the users information needs in relation to his environment/ situation and enable the INI to grasp what the user is intending to communicate during any future interview with the user. Study of the user Users often tend to classify their wants/ interests into fragmented shopping lists, whereas their true needs may only be identified from a greater understanding of the user as a person . Therefore,emphasis should be placed on the basic needs of the individual as person . As such, it is essential that information need identifier should attempt to perceive the users problems as holistically as possible. If this is acceptable, then the expression of the information need ceases to be scientifically impersonal objective entity and becomes an expression which cannot be fully communicated apart from the user. Therefore, the next step, after the study of the users environment, is to study each of the individual users. Users are individuals. Nevertheless, in designing information systems, it is useful to classify groups of users. In relation to a specific existing or planned information facility, at least four different types of users can be distinguished .. Potential user; the one who needs information which might be provided by specific services of the information facility. Expected user; the one who is known to have the intent of using certain information services (subscriber to a specific information service such as an abstracting service). Actual User; the one who has actually used an information service regardless of whether any advantage was derived from it or not. Beneficiary; the one who derives measurable advantage from information services. Turning a potential user into an actual user and into a beneficiary should of course be the aim of planners, designers and operators of information systems. Users may be further classified into the following broad functional groups : Top Management which is responsible for policy making, strategic/ long range planning regarding mergers, acquisitions, capitals, new product lines. Scientists responsible for research, innovation, technical know how generation etc. Middle Management responsible for solving problems and making decisions required to fulfill the goals and implement policies set up by the top management. Supervisors responsible for ensuring that the products and services are produced on time, within the cost and quality level set. Operating Personnel / Technicians responsible for routine operations. Moreover, in an organisation setting, a user may play different specific work roles in performing his duties and in carrying out his functions and responsibilities. Some of the specific roles managers play, for instance include : Team Leader Liaison Monitor/ Controller Disseminator Spokesman Trouble shooter Resource allocator Resource Seeker Negotiator Decision Maker. Some of the communication activities of a manager and the percentage of events for each of the activities are given below: Receiving information, facts 27.8 % Receiving request for information, facts 8.0 % Receiving request for action 5.1 % Receiving request for approval 1.1 % Receiving opinion 0.7 % Receiving request for opinion 0.4 % Receiving applications for positions 0.4 % Receiving invitation 0.4 % Giving information, facts 12.1 % Giving opinions 0.7 % Giving instructions 0.7 % Seeking information, facts 9.2 % Requesting action 3.3 % Seeking opinion 0.4 % Checking and signing documents 6.6 % Circulating and moving documents 2.6 % Making notes and writing 1.5 % Interviewing 1.1 % Discussing interviewees 0.7 % Introducing speaker 0.4 % Participating in decision making 0.4 % Delaying response 0.4 % General discussion, meetings 12.8 % Complex events 1.8 % Others 1.5 % Further an individual may form a node in the following three directions of information flow in the organisation: Communicating down the line which is basically of five types : Giving job instructions and specific task directives. Job rationale information that is designed to produce understanding of the task and its relation to other organisational tasks. Information about organizational procedures and practices. Feedback to the subordinate about their performance. Indoctrination of goals information of an ideological character to inculcate a sense of mission. Communicating upward which may be reduced to what people say: about themselves, their performance and their problems; about others and their problems; about organisational policies and practices; and about what needs to be done and how. Horizontally communicating with colleagues in the same hierarchical level. A user, in his professional capacity, is in continuous interaction with: his culture that sets values and policies, and other influences and attitude. formal organisations such as his employing organization. invisible colleges, gate keepers as a type of reference group sufficiently distinguished by its membership criteria and communication patterns to warrant separate identification. the political system that can promote or inhibit activity and information flow. the legal and economic systems that impose legal and financial restraints on access to information. his work team, a sub system of the organisation that is distinguished because of interpersonal characteristics. himself, that is his cognitive system, motivations, attitudes etc formal information systems such as libraries and information centres. membership groups like professional societies that control information channels reference group made up of individuals having similar specialisation or interests but who are not necessarily in the same membership groups. Users who find themselves in such complex situations may have to be studied using a combination of various direct and indirect methods. Direct methods of user study are: Personal informal contacts with the user. Observing the user while at discussion with his colleagues; Survey using questionnaire Dialogue with the user while rendering information services to him/her Observing the user at his work spot (office, laboratory, factory, group meeting etc.) Interviewing the user, his supervisors, his subordinates, his personal secretary/assistant or his colleagues of co ordinate status. Observing the user while using information sources and services. Observing the user while giving a lecture/demonstration etc. Indirect methods include: Study of diary record of activities/ functions/ events maintained by the user. Study of citations received by the users publications Study of citations/ references given in the users publications Study of papers, books etc., published by the user Study of job description of the user Analysis of users response/ feedback to information services Analysis of reference queries received from the user Study of documents used by the user Analysis of the patents, designs etc., held by the user Scanning correspondence and reports prepared and received by the user Advantages of direct observation are that the information need identifier comes in direct and personal contact with the user in a dialogue, interview or discussion and that it provides an opportunity for observing the users in their normal environment. Therefore direct observation provides information on the personality and behaviour pattern of the user in different action situations. A disadvantage of the direct observation is that it so much depends on the observers own capability and adequacy in carrying out such observational studies. Inadequacies may come up in professional attainments, ability in communicating, maturity, tact and knowledge of and skill in carrying out an observational studies. It is also necessary to note that the inferences drawn from the observations may have incidence of subjective element of the observer. The analysis and inferences from indirect studies are based on the work done by the users which is based on serious thought on their part and is not merely some kind of off hand ad hoc statements.Therefore the records of users is adequate in providence of a more reliable indication of his/her subject interests, level of understanding, orientation, up to date in the subject and the skill to express ideas in writing for communication with peers. These studies also provide adequate time for analysis.The data collected is about a situation at a point in time and in a particular context which is to be extrapolated to a dynamic changing situation.Users are a living, developing beings, working in a system which itself is subjected to constant change.Few methods of study of users are discussed below: Preliminary survey of users. To begin with it is very useful to start with a survey of users.key attributes of a user may be grouped as follows: Subject interest Normal field of specialisation Specific topics of interest within the field of specialisation Subjects closely related to the above Academic background and orientation Educational background Professional background Background of research, developmental activity, management activity etc. Psychological attributes, particularly Temperament Reception and communication of ideas Attitudes towards professional team mates, colleagues, etc., in the organisation Ability to express ideas precisely Attitude to using and acquiring ability to use the tools and techniques of information services Specifically the information need identifier would need information about the user relating to the following : Foreign language competence. Types of reports both internal and external received and sent by the user Types of reports both internal and external which the user is not receiving but would like to receive Functions, activities, tasks (job description) and responsibilities (specific work roles) in the organisation; Authors and Corporate Bodies, whose works are of interest Education, training and special expertise. Membership in professional bodies Channels of communication between the user and other departments/ personnel of the organisation Outside organisations with which the user has academic or professional contacts Membership in committees, task groups Periodicals and other information services received through membership Subject and associated interests specific subjects, allied subjects Annual Reviews and other Series publications in which interested. Periodicals often containing articles of interest which are to be specifically notified Kinds of information media preferred by the user; Time most convenient to the user to receive information services Position of the user in the organization. Types of information notices/ services preferred by the user Approximate time available to the user in a day or week for reading Also information about the user may be obtained by a study of his/ her resume.Information need identifier should also carryout surveys using questionnaires for collecting such preliminary information about the users. He should fill up the questionnaire himself after following the steps of studying the subject, the organization, the specific department and the resume of the user. This would show some gaps in the resume and would help concentrate on information not available from it. A shortcoming with the questionnaire method is the low return rate. Study of Work Diary Maintained by the User Users may maintain a diary about their work for their own use. It records; important activities like filing of license applications, critical events and incidents comments on how improvement could be achieved in the organization discussions/ meetings with experts and / or with colleagues, for specific problems and their solution the consultants/ consultancy organisations preferred method of solution or probable reasons for non solution route of search for specific information, kinds of documents/ sources/ services/ channels/ media consulted and used and their usefulness procedures, techniques s/he has used and/ or has planned to use details of projects s/he is engaged in working details observations cases of problems faced results arrived at Some organisations it is mandatory that such a diary or record is maintained by each member of staff above a certain level as a part of the project routine, in a general prescribed form. Users to be studied should be asked to maintain a diary of all important events, cases of problems faced, method of solution, the specific information sources/ services/ channels/ media used and their usefulness. Also, they may be asked to record each and every event in the order of occurrence. Such a diary record, properly designed and carefully maintained can be a source of useful information on the specific topics of interest to the user.The methods and techniques s/he has used or planned to use in his work; the kinds of documents, information sources and services s/he uses extensively; the extent of time he normally spends in reading books, articles, reports etc., in discussion with colleagues, experts; and the kind of personal information services s/he prefers. Occassionally it may give some inf ormation on the persons in the organisation and outside it, with whom he usually associates himself with. Survey of information sources used The next step is to make a study of the different sources of information/ information services being used by the users. This aim of this study is to bring out the relevance of different types of sources/ services, the frequency of use, the availability/ accessibility of the sources/ services; preferences/ priority assigned to the different types of sources and services, and the relevance of record keeping in the users departments/ units 6 FORMAL INTERVIEW The next step is to have a formal interview with the user. After the stages mentioned above, the information need identifier may be in a position to draw up the relevant questions to be asked, the clarification to be sought and such other points for discussion with each individual user. This would depend upon, among other things, the category of the user, his environment and the specific roles he plays in carrying out his responsibilities. The questions would be mostly related to the specific work roles the user plays.Before having a formal interview with the user, the information need identifier, as a result of all the stages mentioned above , should prepare for each user a document giving; the types of information services required the sources and services that are available but not used the existing information sources and services in the organisation which are being used a rough estimate of a list of anticipated information needs of each uer. This estimate of draft information needs is the basic document for subsequent confirmation and modification by interviewing to confirm actual needs and to eliminate pseudo needs. Some of the data gathered will require clarification from the user. Some of the information needs identified may turn out to be temporary interests. The intended use of information has a greater bearing on the actual information required than the users discipline. therefore, the information need identifier should find out by appropriate questioning : what information for which need in which form how often/ when needed to perform which role For each specific information need in what quantity enough to read/ see/ hear in 5 minutes/ 10 / 30 minutes. with what priority very high, high, low. in what form digest, executive brief, table, graph, state of the art, trend report, original document in what media print, audio, visual presentation through graphic software what kind of information facts , opinions, view points, advice, technical details, statistical data, news, theory. to what extent of coverage exhaustive, selective, only recent, limited by specific time period; how often daily, weekly, monthly, as often as required depending on announcement/publication of such information The information need identifier should show the appropriate information service product to the user to make him express his need. The information need identifier should cross check to assess whether a need is a true need or a pseudo need. It has been found from experience that there is a tendency especially among the executives either to exaggerate their information requirements or to overlook some of them as unimportant due to certain reasons perhaps personal reasons. Often the user should be made to make specific, the value of the need in relation to his specific function /task . Thiswill aid assessing whether a need is a true need or a pseudo need. Interviewing the super ordinate and the sub ordinates may help to clarify these. The value attached to a need is an indicator of the priority that can be assigned to a need. In other words, in the interview, the information need identifier by suitable questioning of the user should delineate which needs are of high priority, which are actual, which are potential, which are distantly related, which may be dropped from and which are to be added to the forecasted needs. The value of the information need can be correlated to the value/ cost of the consequences of the use of the information supplied to satisfy the need. Priorities of information needs depend on the changes taking place from time to time in the users : Regulatory measures which affect his work either directly or indirectly affecting the whole organization Functions Responsibilities Position in the organizational structure Organizational functions and procedures affecting his work. Own priorities for various activities. To sense the changes and modifications in the information needs, their priorities and in anticipating new potential information needs; and already identified information needs converting into demands, it is necessary to attend committee/ task force/ project/ technical and other problem solving/ decision making meetings in which problems and projects are discussed of which the user is a member. It may also be necessary to attend committee meetings in areas which fall within the purview of the functions and responsibilities of the user. Feed back from information services rendered and suggestions from users about their changing interests, of the departments and of the organization as a whole would be of help. Periodic invited group discussions of users would throw much light on the changes taking place and likely to take place in future in the organization. It is to be noted that in order to have free exchange of ideas, it is better to have an appointment with users when they are free from important work. During the time of the interview, information need identifier should transact with the users tactfully; By giving examples of relevant information services and show how he can be helped in meeting his information needs. As far as possible, these examples must be from users own subject field or related fields of interest. By posing the actual problems likely to be faced by the user in the day to day activities for which information is sought and extract from them their potential information needs i.e., needs which are there but not expressed explicitly. By providing appropriate terminology to help the users enunciate their subject interests clearly and unambiguously. By using the subject profile of the organisation prepared by INI or a good schedule of classification scheme or thesaurus of relevant subjects, help the user pinpoint his subject interests precisely. By illustrating a few services which the user has already contemplated, gather opinions about different types of services required, by seeking their own ideas of services. By showing different sources of information, identify the other sources the user uses and also the most useful sources from which ideas for cost/ product improvement come. By showing the formal channels prevailing in the organization, unearth the informal modes of communication used by the user CONTINUOUS REFINEMENT AND UPDATING INFORMATION NEEDS It is a good practice to invite periodically small groups, not more than 15 persons of homogenous composition all design engineers, or all technicians / operators on a particular variety of machinery, or those doing different aspects of a particular task for discussion with information need identifier and other information service personnel about the information services provided, and the information needs, including changes in the information needs of the group. Members should be encouraged to mention in some detail about the present work they are engaged in, the problems they face, the information required and the information service likely to be of interest and help in their work, including comments on how the existing information services should be tuned/ refined to suit their particular information needs. If the discussion is conducted on proper lines such a users group meeting can combine some of the advantages of survey by questionnaire, interview and informal discussion with the users . Moreover, through these discussions the changes that are taking place and that are likely to take place in future, could be ascertained and the organisations dynamic situation could be monitored. This would help in continuous modification and up dating of information needs and tune the services to suit the changing needs. CONCLUSION Identifying a need is one thing and satisfying the need is another. The concept of information need is embedded in the studies of users, their environment, and information use. This area is one of the most amorphous areas of research in library and information science over the past four decades. In actuality, the methodology used for most studies have been found inadequate for uncovering users real needs which have been difficult to discover, measure and classify . It is hoped that the methodology discussed here, would be easy to perceive and be translatable into practice. Perhaps the methodology would become clearer and clearer as each step in it, is put into practice. Following the methodology would enhance the understanding of the scenario and help in fine tuning the procedure to be followed in particular situations to unearth real information needs. The proposed methodology is not only useful in identifying the information needs, but also information need identifier has a profound impact on finding ways and means to satisfy such needs. Simultaneously the information need identifier would discover, as a bye product, several ideas, tools, methods and tech niques of satisfying the users in meeting their information needs. In other words, if you identify the information needs of your clients this way, the documentation and information services that you would be rendering to satisfy these needs, would initiate action and bring about changes in the users, their outlook and in the organisation as a whole. REFERENCES CRONIN, Blaise. Assessing information needs. (Aslib Proceedings. 33(2); 1981; pp 40). ELLIS, David; COX, Deborah and HALL, Katherine. A comparison of the information seeking patterns of researchers in the physical and social sciences. (Journal of Documentation. 49(4); 1993; pp 356 369). HOMER, J.H. Patterns in the use of information : The right to be different. (Journal of American Society for Information Science. 1981; March; pp 103 112). SLATER, M. Information needs of social scientists : A study by desk research and interview. Boston Spa, BLRDD. 1989. (British Library Research Paper No. 60). DERVIN, B and NILAN, M. Information needs and uses. (Annual Review of Information Science and Technology. 21; 1986; pp 3 33).

Philosophy Descartes Views on the Differentiation...

Descartes views on the differentiation between the mind and the body has given rise to much thought regarding the interaction between these supposedly distinct substances. Through examining correlations between Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia it is evident that Descartes himself struggled to plausibly identify the interaction among the mental and material in relation to causation. This essay will investigate Elizabeth’s quires into the causational relationship between the mind and body by explaining and investigating Descartes distinction between the mental and physical as separate substances, Elizabeth’s concern in relation to the problem of interaction, and Descartes response to these concerns. The idea that there are two fundamental†¦show more content†¦She was understandably confused as to how there could be a causal relationship between two substances that, by definition, have completely different natures and can lead to the willing of an action or the having of an experience. According to Principles of Philosophy part II, section 15, in order for a substance to cause motion there must be contact between surfaces, however surface is a material mode. This begs the question as to how our minds can cause action (given the non-extended nature of thought) or our body’s sense cause sensations in the mind when they are distinct substances with nothing in common? Following Elizabeth’s thought, where humans do have voluntary movement and sensation, which would require surface contact therefore the mind, must also be extended as to have capacity for motion. As such, for causal interaction to occur the mind and body would need inclusive natures, which adequa tely weakens Descartes â€Å"clear and distinct† claim of perceiving the mind separate from the body. Descartes himself struggled to find a feasible answer to these questions. In a letter to Elizabeth, he suggested that a small gland in the centre of the brain, which he referred to as the pineal gland, caused â€Å"animal spirits† to interact with the body (Descartes, 1641). This more specific notion of the pineal gland creating causal interaction is often more commonly associated withShow MoreRelatedSpinoza’s Criticism of Descartes’ Substance Dualism2166 Words   |  9 Pagesbe conceived.† Spinoza’s criticism of Descartes’ substance dualism By: Jawad Samimi 01/04/2012 Substance dualism is often called ‘Cartesian dualism ‎and is the assumption that mind and body are really distinct substances. Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) was the first early modern philosopher to hold that a thinking-thing is entirely different form an extended thing and mind can exist without the body. Cartesian dualism, which started the famous mind-body problem of causal interaction, has beenRead MoreRichard Taylor And His Belief Of The Anatta Doctrine Essay2052 Words   |  9 Pagesreadings by Descartes, for example, because they were so confusing in their explanation of the separation between mind and body. The idea of mind within the body makes the most sense to me, which is why I felt that this reading was so interesting. The Anatta Doctrine differed from the other readings that Richard Taylor composed as a philosopher in the contemporary era with an emphasis in analytic philosophy. Taylor’s critical analytical presentation made it much easier for me to understand this view, becauseRead More Philosophy in Mathematics Essay3045 Words   |  13 PagesPhilosophy in Mathematics Mathematics has contributed to the alteration of technology over many years. The most noticeable mathematical technology is the evolution of the abacus to the many variations of the calculator. Some people argue that the changes in technology have been for the better while others argue they have been for the worse. While this paper does not address specifically technology, this paper rather addresses influential persons in philosophy to the field of mathematics. Read More Sartre and the Rationalization of Human Sexuality Essay2700 Words   |  11 Pageschanging the terms of the discussion from sexual to nonsexual concepts. As a philosophy which, above all, highlights those features of human existence which seem most resistant to explanation, one would expect existentialism to highlight sexuality as a category that is crucial for considering human existence. Descartes comes immediately to mind when one focuses on Sartres major categories. In Sartres case however, it is not mind an d matter but consciousness and its opposite: nothingness and beingRead MoreMax Hallmans Traversing Philosophical Boundaries3864 Words   |  16 Pagesfocus on conceptions of the self include Cicles by Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Nature of the Soul and Its Relation to the Body by Plato, and On the Real Distinction Between Mind and Body by Rene Descartes. In the former two essays, the authors explore identity and the latter three essays, the authors discuss the self in terms of a being who possesses both a mind and a body and how those two things are related, if indeed they are related at all. Trying to define identity or a sense of the selfRead More Emotional intelligence: The rapprochement of reason and emotion5515 Words   |  23 Pagesbeginning to emerge regarding the way emotion should be viewed. Emotions provide a unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently. A notion central to emotional intelligence theory is that individuals differ in their ability to perceive, understand and use emotional information, and this ability significantly contributesRead MoreEmotional Intelligence: the Rapprochement of Reason and Emotion5749 Words   |  23 Pagesbeginning to emerge regarding the way emotion should be viewed. Emotions provide a unique source of information for individuals about their environment, which informs and shapes their thoughts, actions, and subsequent feelings, and there is a growing view that emotion information can be used more or less intelligently. A notion central to emotional intelligence theory is that individuals differ in their ability to perceive, understand and use emotional information, and this ability significantly contributesRead MoreFoucault Power8957 Words   |  36 Pagespower relations-the word economy being used in its theoretical and prac tical sense. To put it in other words: since Kant, the role of philosophy is to prevent reason from going beyond the limits of what is given in experience; but from the same moment-that is, since the development of the modern state and the political management of society-the role of philosophy is also to keep watch over the excessive powers of political rationality, which is a rather high expectation. Everybody is aware of suchRead Moresecond sex Essay13771 Words   |  56 Pagesoften said that she thin ks with her glands. Man superbly ignores the fact that his anatomy also includes glands, such as the testicles, and that they secrete hormones. He thinks of his body as a direct and normal connection with the world, which he believes he apprehends objectively, whereas he regards the body of woman as a hindrance, a prison, weighed down by everything peculiar to it. The female is a female by virtue of a certain lack of qualities, said Aristotle; we should regard the femaleRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesIntroductory Notes on Organisational Analysis Understanding Organisations The Limits of Rationalism Levels of Analysis: The SOGI Model Limitations of the SOGI Model The Individual Level The Group Level The Organisation Level The Society Level Interactions between the Levels Morgan’s Metaphors The Metaphors in Brief The Machine Metaphor The Organic Metaphor The Brain Metaphor Cultural (Anthropological) Metaphor The Political Metaphor The Psychic Prison Metaphor Flux and Transformation The Dominance Metaphor